4^ 


44 


THE 

ELEMENTS 

OF 

ARCHITECTURE, 

CoUcacd  by 

Henry  Wotton  K^, 

From  the 

Beft  AUTHOURS 

AND 

EXAMPLES 


«<^ 


?4 


(51rp  i.  1.  Hill  ICtbrara 


North  (Harolina  ^tatp  Hmttersity 

Design 
NA2515 

W85 


ITA2515 


Arch  lib  74215 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2009  with  funding  from 

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THE 

ELEMENTS 

OF 

ARCHITECTURE 


Pub/if  bed    for 

Guy     Kirk  ham,     F.  A.  I.  A., 

By 
The  F.   A,    Bassette  Company, 

Springfield,    Maffachufetts. 


M   %eliquice  JVottonian^.    S 

%'  i ^> 

fl  A  COLLECTION  g> 

t^         CL   I   V   E   S.  m 


jf-ny- 


"'•J^l  Late 


M  Of  <;letters,     I* 
*i      (:p  o  E  M  S;       g!- 


^    CHARACTERS    $1 

<m  o  F  ^^ 

"^M         Sundry  Personages  -•         ^l* 

"^-^^  ,      ,  ,  ^5- 

^^       Incomparable  Pieces       ^5. 

J* 


^r>>       ^_y  The  curious  P  e  N  s  i  L  of       ^j. 
evjv  the  Evei-  Memorable  st-r. 


S^  Henry  iVotton  K^     ^> 


Provofl  o<iEton  ColUdg.         ^ 

<y^  LONDON,  ^ 

'■C^      VuuitAhy  Thorn J/s  Maxey,  ioK  KMarmty      ^> 
»r^'v  C-Bf'^'e/,  and  r.Gflr//?3«'«:».  1651.  ^^ 

•i^  i*ii  <-«    ku.*    w4-«    tiiJ    ww    *»■»    tivi    WM    w*    «4!#    «»y   «a»    tu»    >^    St*  %f 


PUBLISHER'  S   NOTE. 

The   Elements  of  Architecture  was  first 
published  in  1624.     A  Latin  translation  was 
printed  with  **the  Great  Vitruvius"  in  1649. 
Reliquia   Wottoniana,   including  The  Ele- 
ments   of    Architecture,    was    published    in 
1651,    with    later    editions    in     1654, 
1672,  and   1685.      This  book  is 
reproduced   from    the    165 1 
edition    of     Reliquiee 
Wottonianee. 


THE 

ELEMENTS 

OF 

ARCHITECTURE 

Colleaed  by 

Henry  Wotton  K^, 

From  the 

Beft  AUTHOURS 

AND 

EXAMPLES. 


7-1215 


'95 


THE 

PREFACE. 

Shall  not  rjcedQike 
the  mvfi  fart  of 
fVriters)  to  cele- 
brate the  Subje<f^ 
which  I  deliver  I 
In  that  point  I  am 
at  eafe.  For  Ar- 
chitedure  cvt 
want  no  commendation  ,  trherc  there  are 
Noble-Men ,  or  Noble  Mindes ;  /  voill 
therefore  fptnd  this  Preface,  rather  akofit 
thofe  from  whom  I  have  gathered  my 
k^ww ledge  :  For  I  am  hm  a  gatherer 
and  difpofcr  of  other  mens  fiujfe,,  at  my 
bcjl  value. 

Our  friyicipall  Matter  is  Vitruvius, 
and  fo  I P?  ill  often  call  him-  who  had 
this  felicity  ,  that  he  wrote  when  the 
Roman  Empire  TT^u  ncer  the  pitch -^  Or 
at  leaf-,  when  An^uRus  (who  fwof-trcd 
his  cndeavoHrs )had  fame  meaning  (if  he 
1 2  were 


196    The  Preface. 

Tacir.lib.i.     were  not  mijlakf'O  to  hound 
Annal.  t^e  Monarch te.-T"/;//,  Ifay^ 

iras  his  good  hjp  j  For  in  growing  and 
enlarging  times ,  Arts  are  commonly 
droTvned  in  A(ftion  •*  Btn  on  the  other 
fide,  it  was  in  trmh  an  unhappinefle,  to 
exprejfe  himfelfe  fo  ill^  efpeciallj  writing 
(  as  hee  did  )  in  a  [eafon  of  the  al?lejl 
Pennes;  And  his  obfcurit}'  had  this 
f  range  fortune'^  That  though  he  were 
i?ef  praclifed  ^  and  hefl  follo\\>ed  hj  his 
on?;?  Country-men  :  jfr  after  the  revi- 
ving and  rcpolipAng  of  good  Literature, 
(which  the  cornhtjlions  and  tumults  of 
the  middle-Age  ^^^  unciviilized  )  hee 
was  heft,  or  at  leafi  ,  frfl  underjhod  hj 
Strangers :  For  of  the  Italians  that  tooi^^ 
him  in  h^i  nd  thofe  that  were  G  ta m  m  a r i- 
zns  feeme  to  have  wanted  Mathcmaticail 
knowledge-^  Wr/;f  Mathematicians />fr- 
haps  wanted GTimmQV.ti/  h^th  werefaf- 
^ciently  conioyned,  in  Leon-Batifta  Al- 
berti  /^f  Florentine  ,  rAoor/i  I  rcp:ttc  the 
firfi  learned  Architect  beyond  the  A!pe?^ 
Bfit  heflndied  more  indeed  to  m/ike  him- 
felfv an  Author,  then  to  iUuflrate  his 
Mafcer.  Therefore  amongf  his  Com- 
menters ,  I  my.fl  {for  my  private  con- 
celts) 


The  Preface.     i^L 

ceite)  jeeld  the   cheife  praife  nnro  the 
French,  in  Philander;  and  to  the  high 
Gemnans,  in  Guakerus  Rivius    iV^o  he^ 
fdes  h^s  notes  J  hath  likeWifepulf/if^d  the 
mofl  elaborate  Tranflation,  that  I  think. 
it  extant  in  anj  vulgar  Speech  of  the 
rporld'.thoHgh  not  vcithoHt  leeway  I  ing,ttciv 
and  then,  fome  defeEi  of  Artificial!  termi 
irt  his  own ;  as  J  mufi  Itkewtfe :   For  -if 
the  Saxon ,  (our   mother  tongui)  did 
complaine ',  as  ^ajlly  ( I  doubt )  in  this 
point  may  the  Daughter:   Languages, 
for  the  mofi  part ^  in  terms  of  Aft  and 
Erudition  ,  retatmng  their  originall  po- 
verty j  Ayt^  rather-  grom/tg  rich  And Or- 
bunda»t    in  contplementaU  phrafes  {md. 
ftich froth.     Touching  divert  moderne 
men  that  have  -writ  ten  out  of  meere  pra- 
Bife     I  (hall  give  them  thetr  dtte    upon 
occafion. 

And  now,  after  this  fhort  Cenfure  of 
others  J  /  Tvofildfainfatisfie  an  Obje(flion 
or  two,  which  feem  to  he fomewhat  hea- 
vily upon  my  jdf'j  It  will  hefaid^  That  I 
handle  an  Art,  no  way  fnteahle  either 
to  my  Imployments ,  crto  wj  Fortune. 
nAndfo  I  fhall  (land  charged ,  both  with 
Intruilon^  and  with  Im pertinency. 

1 3  Tq 


ip8    The  Preface. 


To  the  Tirft  I  at^frver,  That  though  hj 
the  ever  acknovpledged  goodnejfe  of  my 
Tftofl  deare  attd  gracious  S  O  V  E- 
R  A  I  G  N  E ;  and  hy  his  long  indul- 

fent  tolerations  of  my  defeats,  J  have 
orn  abroad  fame  fart  of  his  civil  Service; 
jet  when  J  came  home,  and  was  again  re- 
fohed  into  mine  ownjimflicity  ,  J  found 
it  fitter  for  my  Penne  (atleafi  in  this 
jirfi  ■publi(]Ke  adventure^)  to  deale with 
thefe  ^lainQom^xXtTOtXiViy  andtraBahle 
Materials  j  then  with  the  laberynths  W 
Myfteries  «/Conrcs  <««^  States  j  ^nd 
ie^efrefumftionforme^  tohy  have  ktig 
contemplated  a  famous  RepubJrque,  t6 
Tumte  now  of  Archite^ure ;  then  it  ivai 
^mciently  for  *Hippodamus  » Anftot  i. 
the  Milefian,  to  write  ofKc  ui,.  PoUti. 
publiques  ,who  was  himfelf  cap.  6. 
^Ht  an  Atchkc^. 

To  the  Second ,  /  mafi  fhrinke  tfp  my 
fhoulders,  as  1  have  learned  abroad,  and 
confejfe  indeed ,  that  my  fortune  is  very 
unable  to  exemplifie  and  afluate  my 
Speculations  in  this  Art ,  which  yet  in 
trttth ,  modi  me  the  rather  even  from 
my  very  dif ability  i  take  encouragement 
tohtff,  that  myprefentLdbwit  would 

iffde 


The  Preface.    199 


fifide  the  morefaUcur  In  others ,  jince  it 
was  undertaken  for  no  mans  (ake  le^e 
then  mine  owne.  And  with  that  confi- 
dence y  I  fell  into  thefe  thoughts ;  Of 
whichj  there  were  two  wayes  to  be  delit/f^ 
red ;  The  one  Hiftoricall ,  hy  defcription 
of  the-  frincipall  Works,  performed  a'C- 
ready  in  good  part  by  Giorgio  Vaff^L  in 
the  lives  ofArchitecfts.  The  other  Lo- 
gical I,  by  cajling  the  rules  and  cant  ion f 
of  this  Art  into  fome  comportableM&~ 
thod  :  whereof  I  have  made  choice  ^  mt 
<mly  as  the  fhartefir  and  mo  ft-  Elemencall ; 
Jmt  indeed  as  the  foundefl.  For  ihm^ 
in  pra^icall  knowledges ,  every  coitt- 
p/f<«f  Example  may  heare  the  credit  of  a 
Rule*  Jit  per  adventure  Rulesjhould  pre- 
cede, that  we  may  by  them  be  made  fit  to 
i^udge  <?/ Examples  :  Therefore  to  the 
purpofe;  for  I  will  preface  no  longer^ 


I4  OF 


of  ArchtteElur^,       20 1 


O  P 

The  elements 

OF 

ARCHITECTURE, 
The  Ftrjt  Tart. 


•»^Sf><><v><v  N  ArchiteBure  as  ill  all 
.Z^Z-^  f^  other  Operative  Arts-, 
*S    I    Srt  ttie  £»^  muft  dire<$t  the 

*y>   tf/  ^^4    <^   tf« 

The  £Wis  to  build  well. 
Wel'buUding  hath  three  Conditions, 
Commodity,  F.irM»ep^  and  Delight: 

A  common  Divifton  amoiig   the 
Deliverers  of  this  Art^  though  1  jinow 

I  5  noc 


D.   H.   HILL  LIBRARY 
North  Carolina  State  Colleg© 


20Z       The  Elements 

not  how,  fomwhat  mifplaced  by  Fi- 
truviHs  himfelf, /»'/'.  I.  cap.  3.  whom  I 
fhall  be  willinger  to  follow  as  a  Ma- 
iler of  Proportion,  then  o( Method, 

Now,  For  the  attaining  of  thefe  /«- 
tent  ions,  we  may  confider  the  whole 
Stihje^  under  two  generall  Heads; 
The  Seat,  and  the  Work^. 

Therefore  firft  touching  SitnatiofT^ 

The  Precepts  thereunto  belonging 
do  either  concern  the  Totall  Pofiure, 
(as  I  may  term  it)  or  the  Placing  of 
the  Parts :  whereof  the  firfl:  fort,  how- 
Ibever  ufualiy  fet  down  by  ArchitcEls 
as  a  piece  of  their  Profejjion,  yet  are 
in  truth  borrowed  from  other  Lear^ 
mngs :  there  being  between  Arts  and 
Sciences,  as  well  as  between  Men,  3. 
kind  of  good  fellowfhip,  and  commn- 
cicationof  iheir  Principles. 

For  you  fhallfind  fomeof  them  to 
be  m^ttly  Phyficall,  touching  the  qua- 
lity and  temper  of  the  Aire :  which 
being  a  perpetuall  ambient  and  ingre- 
dient, and  the  defe(5ls  thereof  incorri- 
gible in  fingle  Habitations  (which  I 
moft  intend)  doth  in  thofe  refpeds  re- 
quire the  more  exquifite  caution  j  That 

ii: 


ofArclHteSlure.        205 

it  be  not  too  £roJfe,  nor  too  ptnetra" 
five ;  Not  llibje*^  to  any  fo^c  noy- 
fomneffe,  from  Fens  or  Marjhei  near 
adj<5yning;  nor  to  Minerall  Exhala- 
tions from  the  Soil  it  felf.  Not  undi- 
gefted,  for  want  of  Sun-^  Not  unexer- 
cifed,  for  want  of  Wind:  which  were 
to  live  (as  it  were  J  in  a  Laks^  o^  ^"^^ 
ding  Pooloi  ylire,  ^sJlherti  the //«- 
remiri  Arckittil  doth  ingenioufly com- 
pare it. 

Some  do  rather  feem  a  little  u4fire' 
logically  as  when  they  warn  us  from 
Places  of  malign  Jyiflnence:  wher^ 
Eanh-ijuakef^  Contagions^  Predigiom 
Births^  or  the  like,  are  frequent  with- 
out any  evident  caufe :  whereof  the 
Confideration  is  peradventure  not  al- 
together vain :  Some  are  plainly  Oeco^ 
mmicall ;  As  that  the  Seat  be  well  wa- 
tered, and  well  fuelled  j  That  it  be 
not  of  too  fleepy  and  incommodious 
ylccejfe,  to  the  trouble  both  of  Friendf 
and  Family  j  That  it  lie  not  too  far 
from  fome  navigable  River  or  Arme  of 
the  Sea^  for  raoreeafe  of  provifionjand 
iuch  other  Domejlickj^oiti. 

Some  again  may  be  feid  to  be  Opti- 
cal i 


204        The  Elements 


cal:  Such  I  mean  as  concern  the  Pro- 
ferties  of  a  well  chofen  Proffe^ :  which 
I  will  call  the  Royalty  of  Sight.  For  as 
there  is  a  Lordjhlp  (as  it  were)  of  the 
Feet,  wherein  the  Mafter  doth  much 
joy  when  he  walketh  about  the  Line 
of  his  own  Pofcfficns :  So  there  is  a 
Lordjhid  likewife  of  the  Eyc^\v\\\c\\  be- 
ing a  Ranging,  and  Imperious,  and  (I 
might  fay)  an  Vfnrfing  Senfe^  can  in- 
dure  no  narrow  Circumfcriftion  ;  but 
muftbefed  both  with  extent  and  va- 
riety. Yet  on  the  other  fide,  I  find  vafle 
and  indefinite  views  which  drown  all 
apprehenfion  of  the  uttermoft  Ohjecls, 
condemned  by  good  Authours,  as  if 
thereby  fome  part  of  the  plea fu  re 
(whereof  we  fpeakj  didpenfh.  Laflly, 
I  remember  a  private  Caution  ,  which 
I  know  not  well  how  to  fort,  unlefle 
I  (hould  call  it  Politicafi:  By  no  means^ 
to  build  too  near  a  great  Neighbour  *i 
which  were,  in  truth,  to  be  as  unfortu- 
nately feared  on  the  earth,-  as  Mercury 
is  in  the  Heavens,  for  the  mod  part, 
ever  in  comhuflion  ot-cbfcurity  under 
brighter  beams  then  his  own. 

From  thefe  feverall  Knowledges,  as  I 

have 


of  ArchheEiure,      205 


have  faid,  and  perhaps  from.  *  Juinms 
fome  other,  do  ArchiteUs  f^eurnitaJn- 
derive  their  Doarine  about  f^'-^/.ff* 
EiQ<^on  of  Sear  tiwbti&ttl  •<^'*P-*- 
have  not  been  ib  fevere  as  a'grcar  Scho^ 
Icrof  our  Ctine,wbo  pcecilely  re/Jrain- 
eth  a .  pcrfecl  SitHation^  at  Icaft  for 
the  main  point  of  health,  Ad  honm 
cmtra  cfuan  Sol  radksfms  fttn^it  cum 
fub  Arlete  orifar ;  That  \s^  in  a  word, 
he  would  have  the  firft  SalmatioH.  oi 
the  Spring.  JBui  fuch  Net4^s  as  thefe^ 
wherefoevcr  we  £nd  them  m  grave  or 
flight  Authours,  are  to  my  conceit  ra- 
ther Wlfhes  ih<sn,  P reffpts ;  and  in  that 
quality  I  wiil  paiTe  them  over.  Yet  I 
muft  withal  I  iay,  that  in  the  y«ii^f«g-  of 
ourfelves  (which  isakindof  u}/«rrt- 
a^e  to  a  VUce)  Builders  (hould  be  as 
circumfped  as  pvoo^rs  j  left  when  all  is 
done^that  Dmm  bef^U  us;  which  our 
Maftet  doth  Jay  upoit  Mitylene-.  A 
Tdwn^iyi  truth  (faith  he) 
^mlyindlt^butfodim  OpUum  quidm 
planted  And  fo  much. .  -tttrZ  ti 
taoching  that  which  I  ^ruienter  fc^ 
termed  the   Total  Pc-^  turn. 

The 


2o6         The  Elements 


The  next  in  Order  is  the  placing  of 
the  Parts ;  About  which  (to  leave  as 
little  as  I  may  in  my  prefent  labour, 
unto  Fancie^  which  is  wilde  and  irre- 
gular j  I  will  propound  a  Rule  of  mine 
own  Colle(!^ion,  upon  which  I  fell  in 
this  manner.  1  had  noted,  that  all  Art 
was  then  in  trueft  perfection,  when  it 
might  be  reduced  to  fome  naturall 
Principle.  Fof  what  are  the  moft  judi- 
cious Artifani   but  the  Mimic^nes  of 
Uaturc  ?  This  led  me  to  contemplate 
the  Fabrick  of  our  own  Bodies,  wherein 
the  High  ArchitcB  of  the  World  had 
difplayed  fuch  skill  as  did  ftupifie  all 
humane  reafon.    There  I  found   the 
Heart,  as  the  Fountain  of  Life, placed 
about  the  Middle,  for  the  more  equall 
communication  of  the  vitall  fpirits. 
The  Eyi  feated  aloft,  that  they  might 
defcribe  the  greater  Circle  witliin  their 
view.  Th€  Arms  proie»^ed  on  each  fide, 
for  eafe  of  reaching.  Briefly  (not  to  lofe 
our  felves  in  this  Ipeculation)  it  plainly 
appeareth,  as  a  Maxime  drawn  from  Ui 
I>ivine  Light  j  That  the  Place  of  every 
part  is  to  be  determined  by  the  Vf^^ 
Sathen  from  Natural!  Sti^tsBftn^  td 

proceed 


of  Archiu^re.       zoj 


proceed  to  Artificiall;  and  in  the  ru- 
deft  things,  to  preferve  feme  Image  of 
the  excel lentefl:-  Let  all  the  principall 
Chambers  of  Deltght,  All  Studies  and 
Lihrarits^  be  towards  the  Enji  :  F<k 
the  Morning  is  a  friend  to  the  Mufes. 
All  Olfices  that  require  heat,  as  Kir- 
chins,  Stiltatories,  Stoves,  rooms  for 
Bakin^^  Brewings  fVafhing^  or  the  like, 
would  be  Merikignall.  All  that  need  a 
cool  and  frefh  temper,  as  Cellars,  Puk- 
tries , Butt erits  fir ATiarics XO  the  North. 
To  the  fame  fide  likewile,  all  that  are 
appointed  for  gentle  Motion,  as  Calle" 
ries ,  efpecialiy  in  warm  Climes,  or 
that  otherwife  require  a  fteady  and  un- 
vartable  light,  as  Ptnacotheda  (faith. 
Vttruvius)  by  which  he  intendech,  (if 
I  may  guefle  at  his  Greek,  as  we  muft 
do  often  even  at  his  I^tine)  certain  Rt- 
foftories  for  Works  of  Rarity  in 
Picture  or  other  Arts,  by  the  Italians 
called  Sfitdio/i;  which  at  any  other 
Quarter,  where  the  courfe  of  the^^^; 
doth  diveriifie  the  i'/?4i/oiv/,  would  lofe 
mticiiOfthe if  grace.  And  by  this  Rule 
liaving  always  regard  to  che  Vfe^  any 
other  Part  may  be  fitly  acccmmodated. 


2o8        The  Elements 

I  muft  here  not  omit  to  note,that  the 
Ancient  Grecians^.  s.nd  the  Romans  by 
their  example,in  their  Buildings  abroad, 
where  the  Seat  was  free,  did  almofl: 
Religioufly  fituate  the  Front  of  their 
Houfes  towards  the  South :  perhaps 
that  the  Mafters  Eye,  when  he  came 
home,  might  not  be  dazeled,  or  that 
being  iIKiftrated  by  the  Sun,  it  might 
yeild  the  more  gracefull  Afpe^ ;  or 
feme  fuch  reafon.   But  from  this  the 
Modern  Italians  do  vary ;  whereof  I 
fha!l  fpeak  moreift  another  place.   Let 
thus  much  fufficC  at  the  prefent  for  the 
Pojition  ofthefeverall  Members  ^vihttt- 
in  muft  be  had,  as  our  Authour  doth 
often  infinuate,  and  efpecially  lib  6. 
cav.io.  a  fingular  regard  to  the  nature 
or  the  Repon :   Every  Nation  being 
tyed  above  all  Rules  whatfoever,  to  a 
diftretion  of  providing    againfl  their 
f>wn  Inconveniences :  And  therefore  a 
good  Parlour  in  Egyft,   would  per- 
chance make   a  good  Cellar  in  JE»- 
gland^ 

There  now  followeth  the  fecond 
Branch  of  the  general!  SeEtkti-  touch- 
ing the  Wcrki 

In 


of^rckteSlure.     209 

'■■■I  "fcW  .      ■■■!■■■  »  !■     I    ■       ■!■  ■     ^ 

In  thtfVork^y  1  will  firfi:  confider 
the  Principal!  parrs,  and  afterwards  the 
Acceflbiy,  ot Ornaments-,  And  in  the 
Princ^ll,  firft  the  Preparation  of  the 
Matenah:,  and  then  the  Difpofition, 
whicfiisthei^fl?-^^. 

Now,  concerning  the  AfatcrialVjiXli 
Although  furely,  it  cannot  difgrace  an 
AtchiteEby  which  doth,  fo  well  become 
a  Pililofbpher,  to  look  into  the  Proper- 
tics  of  Stone  and  IVood :  as  that  Fifr 
trees,  CyprefTes,  Cedars^  and  fuch 
other  Atr^ll2i(^\ngPUnts^  being  by 
a  kind  of  xsaturaii  rigonr  (which  in  a 
Man  I  would  call  pride)  indexible 
downwards,  are  thereby  fitteil  for 
Pofts  or  Pillars^  or  fuch  upright  ufe: 
thai  on  the  other  fide.  Oak,  and  the  like 
true  hearty  Tipiber,  being  ftrong  in  ^11 
Pofitions,  may  be  better  trufted  in 
erode  afld  travcrfe  Work ;  for  Sum- 
mers, or  girding,  and  binding  Beams ^ 
as  they  term  them.  And  fo  likewife 
to  obfcrve  of  Stone^  that  fome  are  bet- 
ter within,  and  other  to  bear  ;^f><///7fr  : 
Nay,  to  defcend  lower,  even  to  examine 
Sand;xnA  Ljme,zn6.  Clay  (of  all  which 
things  VitrHvi^  hach  difcourfed.with- 

out 


2IO 


71)6  Elements 


out  any  daintinefs,  and  (he  moft  of  new 
Writers)  I  fay,  though  the  Speculative 
Part  of  fuch  knowledge  be  Hberall :  yet 
to  redeem  this  ProfeflRon,  and  my 
prefent  pains  from  indignity ;  1  muft 
here  remember,  That  to  choofe  and 
fort  the  Materials  for  every  part  of 
the  Fabrick.^  is  a  Duty  mote  proper  to 
a  fecond  Superintendent  over  all  the 
Under-y^n//^;z/,called  (as  I  take  it)  by 
our  Author  fi^cinat  or  Jib. 6. cap.  1 1 .  and 
in  that  Place  exprefTely  diftinguifhed 
from  the  ArchittB^  whofe  glory  doth 
more  confifl  in  the  Defigaement,  and 
Idea  of  the  whole  Wi>rk^',  and  his  trueft 
Qtnbidon  Ihoald  be  to  mak^the  Fcrmy 
which  is  the  nobler  Part  (as  it  were^ 
triumph  over  the  Matter:  whereof  I 
cannot  but  mention  by  the  way>  a  for- 
taign  Pattern;  namely,  the  Church  of 
Santa  GiuJHna.  ih  Padona :  In  truth,  a 
found  piece  of  good  Art^  where  the 
Materials  being  but  ordmary  flone, 
without  any  garnifliment  of  Sculpture, 
do  yet  ravifti  the  Beholder  (and  he 
knows  not  how)  by  a  fecret  Harmony 
in  the  Profortiom.  And  this  indeed  is 
that  end,  at  which  in  fome  degree, 

we 


of  ArchiteBur€.        1 1 1 

we  (hould  aim  even  in  the  priva- 
teft  works  :  whereunto  though  I 
make  bade  ,  y? t  let  me  firft  colleft 
a  few  of  the  leaft  triviall  Cautions 
belonging  :o  the  <^iaterixU  Pr^iii- 
jion. 

Leon  Bitt'tj^a  ^Alherii  is  (b  curious, 
astowilh  a!Jthe7'/»>^cut  o^Kofthe 
fame /"of-rf/?,  ami  allthei'f<wp  out  of 
the  feme  Quarrk. 

Phf/^n  tie  I'Orme  tht  Trench  Archi* 
>te8-  goes  yet  fomwhatfmthcT,&'  would 
T^rve  the  Ljme  fflsdeof  the  vcty  fame 
Stone,  which  we  tnt««i  co  nnploy  in 
the  Pf^vrk;  as  belike  ima^rng  that 
they  will  iymf«fthize  and  joynxhc 
better  by  a  kind  of  Ori^nalkmdt^. 
But  ibch  concerpts  astbdefeem  fbme- 
"what  too  fine  among  this  Rtthkt^e^ 
though  T  do  not  produce  them'in 
fporf .  For  fufely,  the  like  agreements 
of  Nature  may  have  oftentimes  a  dif- 
creet  application  to  Art.  Always  it 
tnuft  be  corrfefTed,  that  to  make  Lyme 
without  any  great  choice ,  of  refufe 
Huffe,  as  we  commonly  do,  is  an  Bug- 
lip}  crrourof  no  fmall  moment  in  our 
Buildings.  Whereas  the  ItdUns  at  this 

day. 


ZIZ 


The  Elements 


day,  and  much  more  the  Ancients^^xA 
hurne  their  firmefl:  [hne^  and  even  frag- 
ments 0? Marble  where  it  was  copious, 
which  ih  time  became  almoft  A'larble 
again,  orat  leafl:  of  indiffoluble  duri- 
ty,  as  appeareth  in  the  (landing  Thea- 
ters. I  mufl:  here  not  omit,  while  I  am 
fpeaking  of  this  part,  a  certain  forme  of 
^r/V^defcribed  by  Daniel  Barbara  Ta- 
march  oi  Aquileia^xn  the  largcfl  Editir 
on  of  his  Commentary  upon  Vitruvms. 
The  Figure  triangular,  every  fide  a 
foot  long ,  and  fome  inch  and  a  half 
thick ,  which  he  doth  commend  unto 
us  for  many  good  conditions :  As  that 
they  are  more  comnnodious  in  the  ma- 
nagement, of  lefTe  expence,  of  fayrer 
(how,adding  much  beauty  and  ftrength 
to  the  Mural/  Ana  Us  ^  where  they  fall 
gracefully  into  an  indented  Wcfh  *•  fo 
as  I  (hould  wonder  that  we  have  not 
taken  them  into  ufe  ,  being  propoun- 
ded by  a  man  of  good  authority  in 
this  knowledge;  but  that  all  Nations 
do  ftart  at  Novelties ,  and  are   indeed 
married  to  their  own  Moulds,  Into  this 
place  might  aptly  fall  a  doubt ,  which 
fome  have  well  moved;  whether  the  an- 

cienc 


of  jfrch'tteHun.     1 1 5 


nenc  hrJi^ns  did  burne  their  Brkke  or 
ik>; which  a  paifTagc  or  mo  In  Vitruvius 
hath  left  ambigirous.  Surely^  where 
the  Natxrall  heat  is  l!tt)Hg  enough  to 
fiipply  the  Anificiatl,  it  were  but  a  cu- 
rious folly  to  multiply  both  Labour 
and  Ex^ence.  And  it  is  befides  very 
probable ,  that  thofe  Materials  with  a 
ktndely  and  temperate  heate  would 
provd  fairer,  fmoother,  and  leUe  diftor- 
tc^^  then  With  a  violent :  Only,  they 
fuffer  two  exceptions.  Firft ,  that  by 
fuch  a  gentle  drying  much  time  will 
be  lo(t,  which  might  otherwife  be 
employed  in  compiling.  Next,  That 
they  will  want  a  certain  fucking  and 
foaking  Thirfitnejfe  ,  or  a  fiery  appe- 
tite to  drink  in  the  Z/wf ,  which  muft 
knit  the  tahrid^  liut  this  queftion 
may  be  confined  to  the  Sonth  ,  where 
there  is  more  Sunne  and  patience.  I 
wiU  therefore  not  hinder  my  courfe,- 
with  this  incident  fcruple,  but  clofe 
that  part  which  J  have  now  in  hand, 
2^o\xtih.t Materials^  'With  aprincipall 
caution:  That  fufficient  Strtjfe  and  Mo- 
ney be  ever  ready  before  we  beginne  ^ 
For  whea  we  build  now  a  piece ,  and 

then 


214        TbeBemnts 

then  another  by ^//,  the  fVorkedties 
and  finkes  uniwually,  whereby  the 
fFalUs  grow  full  of  Chmki  and  Cr;- 
•z'w/ ;  Therefore  fuch  pawfing^  are 
well  reproved  by  Palladia^  lib.i  .cap.i» 
and  by  all  other.  And  fo  having  glea- 
ned thefc  few  remembrances  touching 
the  preparation  of  the  Matter ,  I  may 
now  proceed  to  thQ^Difpofit ion theteof, 
which  muft  forme  the  JVorke,  In  the 
Forme,  as,  I  did  in  the  i'f  ^ ,  Iwillfirfl: 
confiderthe  generall  Figuration^  and 
then  the  feverail  Members. 

Figures  are  either  Jimp/e  or  Mixed. 
The  (imple  be  either  Circular  or  Angu- 
lar. And  of  Circular,  either  C^m- 
pleate,  or  Deficient,  as  Ovals ^  with 
which  kindes  1  will  be  contented, 
though  the  Diftribution  might  be  more 
curious. 

Now  the  exa<5t  Circle  is  in  truth  ^ 
Figure ,  which  for  our  purpofe  hath 
many  fit  and  eminent  properties  j  as 
fitneffe  for  Commodity  and  Receipt , 
being  the  mofl:  capable ;  fitneffe  for 
ftrength  and  duration ,  being  the  moft 
united  in  his  parts ;  fitneffe  for  beau- 
ty and  delight,  as  imitating  the  cele- 

flialJ 


of  AnhiteSiure,       215 


iiall  Orbfs^  aadthe  univerfall  Forme. 
And  it  feemes ,  bcfides,  to  have  the  ap- 
probation of  Nature,  whenlhewor- 
keth  by  Infiin^ ,  which  is  herfecret 
Schook:  For  bird*  do  build  theif 
nefts  Spherically.  But  notwithftanding 
thefc  Attributes,  it  is  in  truth  a  very 
unprofitable  Figure  iir  private  Fa- 
Hckj,  a5  being  ofall other  the  moft 
chargeable,  and  much  roome  loft  in 
the  bending  of  the  fVallef ,  when  it 
comes  to  be  divided :  befides  an  ill 
diftribution  of  light ,  except  from  the. 
Center  of  the  Rocfe.  So  as  anciently  it 
was  not  ufuall/ave  in  their  Temples  and 
Ampki'Tlaeateri ,  which  n^i<i^  no 
Compartitioas.  The  Ovals  and  othe« 
ii)*pttf&(fl  circular  Formes ,  have  the 
fane  excepdons ,  and  lefle  benefit  of 
capacity  :  So  as  there  remaines'  to  be 
eonHdered  in  this  generall  furvey  of 
^ht^f-ef,,  the  AnguUr^  and  the  M^e^ 
ofbodi  Touching  the  <t^HguUr,  \t 
may  perchance  found  fomwhat  ftrange- 
ly,  but  it  is  a  true  obfervation,  chat  this 
Art  doth  neither  love  many  Anvles^ 
HOT  few.  For  firH-,  the  TrUngle^  v^ich 
hiih  the  fewefl  fides  and  corners ,  is  of 

all 


21 6         Tloe  Elements 

all  other  the  moft  condemned ,  as  be- 
ing indeed  both  incapable  and  infirme 
(whereof  the  reafon  (hall  be  afterwards 
rendred)  and  likewlfe  unrefolveable 
into  any  other  regular  Forme  then  it 
lelf  in  the  inward  Partitions. 

As  for  Figures  of  five,  fix,  feven;  or 
mott  Angles  \  They  ar©  furely  fitter 
for  C^^ilitar  Archite^nre  (where  the 
Bulwoilks  may  be  layed  out  at  the  Cor- 
tters,  and  the  fides  ferve  for  C//r^^iW/j 
then  for  civill  ufe ;  though  I  am  not 
ignorant  of  that  famous  Piece  at  Cafra- 
Tola,  belonging  to  the  houfe  o^Famefe^ 
call  hyBaroccio  into  the  forme  of  a  Pen- 
tagone^  with  a  Circle  infcribed,  where 
the  Architc^  did  ingenioufly  wreftle 
with  divers  inconveniences  in  difpofing 
of  the  Lights  and  in  faving  the  vacui- 
ties. Butasdefignes  of  fuchnature  do 
more  ayme  at  Rarity,  thenr- Com- 
modity ;  fo,  for  my  part,  I  had 
rather  admire  them,  then  commend 
them. 

Thefe  things  coofidered  ,  we  are 
both  by  the  Precepts  and  by  the  Pra- 
dice  of  the  beft  Builders,  to  refolve  up- 
on ReUanguUr  Squares^  as  a  mean  be- 
tween 


of  JfnhiteElure      z  1 7 

tween  too  few,  and  coo  many  Angles ; 
and  through  the  equall inclination  of 
the  fides  (which  make  the  right  An- 
gle) flronger  then  the  Rhombe^  or  Lo- 
fenge  ^  or  any  other  irregular  Square. 
But  whether  the  .exa(ft  Qnadrar^  or  the 
long  ScjHare  be  the  better ,  J  finde  not 
well  determined ,  though  in  mine  own 
conceit,  I  muft  preferre  the  latter; 
provided  ibac  the  Lennh  do  not  ex- 
ceed the  Latitude  above  one  third 
part,  which  would  diminifli  the  beau- 
ty* of  the  AjpeSh  ^  as  (hall  appear  when 
I  come  to  rpeak  of  Symmetry  and  Pro- 
portion 

Of  mixed  Figures,  partly  CircHlar^ 
and  partly  An^nUr ,  I  (hall  need  to  fay 
nothing;  becaufe  having  handled  the 
(Imple  already,  the  mixed,  according 
to  their  compofition,  do  participate 
of  the  fame  refpe(5^s-  Only  againft 
thefe,  there  is  a  proper  <?^Kt?i<?;;,  that 
they  oflend  Vniformity  :  Whereof  I 
am  therefore  opportunely  induced  to 
fay  fomewhat^as  far  re  as  ftiall  concerne 
the  outward  <i>^JpeB ,  which  is  now  in 
Difcourfe. 

In  Archite^ur e,t\i^Q  may  feem  to  be 
K  two 


ztS       The  Elements 


two  oppoGte  aflfedacions,  Vnifarmity 
amd  Variety^  which  yet  will  very  wdl 
fuffer  a  good  reconci!em€nt,as  we  may 
fee  in  the  great  Pattern  of  Nature^  to 
which  I  muft  often  rcfort ;  For  furely, 
there  can  be  no  SrrnElHre  more  uni- 
form then  our  Eodks  in  the  whole  FU 
gtfration :  Each  fide  agreeing  with  the 
other,  both  in  the  number,  in  the  qua- 
lity, and  in  the  meafure  of  the  Parts : 
And  yet  fome  are  round,  as  the  Armet ; 
fome  flat,  as  the  Hands ;  fome  promi- 
nent, and  fome  more  retired :  So  as  up- 
on ths  matter,  we  fee  that  Diverfitj 
doth  not  deftroy  Vniformity^  and  that 
the  Limbs  of  a  noble  Fahrkk^,  may 
be  correfpondent  enough,  though  they 
be  various;  Provided  always,  that 
we  do  not  run  into  certain  extra- 
vagant Inventions ,  whereof  I  fhall 
fpeak  more  largely  when  I  come  to 
the  parting  and  cafting  of  the  whole 
Workj  We  ought  likewife  to  avoide 
Enormous  heights  of  fix  or  ky^n 
Stories^zs  well  as  irregular  Forms-^  and 
the  contrary  fault  of  low-diftended 
Fronts^  is  as  unfeemly:  Or  again, 
when  the  Face  of  the  Buildmg  is  nar- 
row. 


of  ArchiteBun.        z  1 9 

ro\V,and  the  Flank.  <Jeep  •.  To  all  which 
extreams  fome  particular  Nations  or 
Towns  are  fabjecft,  whofe  Narae« 
may  be  civilly  fpared :  And  fo  much 
for  the  generall  Figuration^  or<i^/pf^ 
of  the  ivorl^ 

Now  concerning  the  Parts  in  Seve- 
ralty. All  the  Parts  of  every  Fahricl^ 
may  be  comprifed  under  five  Heads, 
which  Divifion  I  receive  from  BatifU 
Albertt^  to  do  him  right.  And  tbcy 
bethefe. 

The  Fouyidation. 

The  fValtt. 

The  Appertions  OT  OvertHres. 

The  Compartition. 

And  the  Cover. 
About  all  which  Ipurpofc  to  gather 
the  prmcipall  Cautions,  and  as  1  paflc 
along,  I  will  touch  alfo  the  naturall 
Reafons  of  yf^r  ,that  my  rXfcourfe  may 
be  the  leffe  MechamcalL 

Firft  thett  concernig  the  Foundttien, 
which  re^uireth  the  ejcac^cft  care ;  For 
if  that  happen  to  dance,  it  will  marre 
all  the  mirth  in  the  Houfe :  Therefore 
that  we  may  found  our  Habitation 
firmly,  we  tettft^rJl  examine  the  Bed 

K  of 


22Q 


The  Elements 


oi Eiirih(2iS  1  may  term  it,)  upon  which 
we  will  Build-  &  then  the  underfilling?, 
or  SHbflrnBio^^  as  the  Ancients  did  call 
it :  For  the  former,  we  have  a  generall 
Precept  in  VitrHvita  twice  precifely  re-" 
peated  by  Iiim,as  a  Point  indeed  of  main 
confequence  ;  firft,/.i.r.5.  And  again 
more  fitly,  /.3.f.3.inthefeword$,as  Phi- 
lander doth  well  corred  the  vulgar  Co- 
pies: Subfiru^ionis  Ftindat tones  fodian- 
tttr  (^  faith  he)  fi  ejueant  inveniri  ad  foil' 
dy.m^&  info/ido.By  which  words  I  con- 
ceive him  to  commend  unto  us.not  only 
a  diligent,but  even  a  jealous  examinati- 
on what  the  Soi/  will  bear;  advifing 
us,  not  to  reft  upon  any  appearing  Se- 
lidity^  unlefs  the  whole  Monld  through 
which  we  cut ,  have  likewife  been 
folld'^  But  how  deep  we  (hould  go 
in  this  fearch,  he  hath  no  where  to 
my  remembrance  determined,  as  per- 
haps depending  more  upon  Difcreti- 
cn,  then  Regtflaritj^  according  to  the 
weight  of  the  fVork. ;  yet  Andrea  PalU- 
dio  hath  fairly  adventured  to  reduce 
it  into  Rule:  Allowing  for  that  Ca- 
'va^lone  (as  he  calleth  it)  a  fixt  part  of 
the  height  of  the  whole  Fabrick^^  unlefs 

the 


of  ArchiteHure. 


221 


the  Cellars  be  underground,  under-dig^ 
in  which  cafe  he  would  have  i^g^orHoU 
us  (as  it  Ihould  feem)  to  ^"'^"'^  ^f 
found  fomwhac  lower.  *'''  ^'''^^ 

Some  Italians  do  p  efcribe,  that 
when  they  have  chofen  the  Floor,  or 
Plot,  and  laid  out  the  Limits  of  the 
t^^ork^,  we  fliould  firft  of  all  Digge 
J^els  and  Ofierns^  and  other  Under- 
condu(fls  and  Conveyances,  for  the 
Smllage  of  the  Houfe,  whence  may  a- 
rife  a  double  benefit :  for  both  the  na- 
ture of  the  Mould  or  ^'<5;7,wou  td  therby 
be  fafely  fearched,  and  moreover  thofe 
open  vents^  will  ferve  to  difchargc  fuch 
Vapours,  as  having orberwife  noifTue, 
•might  peradventure  fliake  the  Buil- 
ding. This  IS  enough  for  the  naturall 
Grounding;  which  chough  it  be  not  a 
Part  of  the  folid  Fabric!^,  vet  here  was 
the  ficteft  place  to  handle  it. 

There  folioweth  theSdfiyu^ion^  oc 
Ground- work  of  the  whole  Edifice, 
which  mufl  fuftain  the  iFj/s;  and 
this  IS  a  kind  of  Ari:fctall  Foundation, 
as  the  other  was  A^^/«r^/.  About  which 
thefe  are  the  chiefe  Remembrances : 
Firft,  that  the  bottom  be  precifely  le- 

K  3  veU, 


1 22        The  Elements 


veil,  where  the  Italians  therefore  com- 
monly Jay  a  platform  of  good  Board  ; 
Then  that  thclowefl  Ledge  or  Row  be 
meerly  of  Stone^  and  the  broader  the 
better,  clofely   laid  without  Mortar^ 
which  is  a  generall   Caution  for  all 
parts  in  Building,  that  are  contiguous 
to  Board  or  Timber^  becaufe  Lime  and 
iVood  are  infociable;  and  if  anywhere 
unfit  Confiners,  then  moftefpecially  in 
the  Foundation.    Thirdly,    That  the 
bredth  of  the  SuhfirttEtion  be  at  lead 
double  to  the  injffient  PVall,  and  more 
or  lefTe,  as  the  weight  of  the  Fahrick^ 
Ihall  require ;  for  as  I  muft  again  re- 
peat, Difcmion  may  be  freer  then  An. 
Laftly,  I  find  in  fome  a  curious  pre- 
cept, that  the  Materials  below,  be  laid 
as  they  grew  in  the  Quarry,  fuppofing 
them  belike  to  have  moft  ftrength  in 
their  Natural  and  Habitual  Pofture. 
For  as  Philippe  de  I'Orme  obfervetb,  the 
breaking  or  yeilding  of  a  ftonein  this 
part,  but  the  bredihof  the  back  of  a 
knife,  will  make  a  Ckft  of  more  then 
half  a  foot  in  the  Fabric!^  aloft :  So  im- 
portant 2lXQ fundamental  Errors. hmong 
which  notes  I  have  faid  nothing  of 

Palli' 


of  ^rdnteElure.      225 

PaJUficatioyi,  or  Pjling  of  the  Grmndr 
pior^  commanded  hyVitrm/iu^^  when 
we  build  upon  a  raoift  or  marlhy  ^yo//, 
hecaufe  that  were  anerrourinthe  firft 
choyce.  And  therefore  all  Seats  that 
muft  ufe  fuch  provifion  below  (as  Ve" 
niee  for  an  eminent  example)  would 
perhaps  upon  good  enquiiy,  be  found 
to  have  been  at  firft  chofen  by  the 
Counfell  of  Necejpty, 

Now  the  foundation  being  fearch- 
ed,  andthe^«^y?m<2/o»kid>  wema/l 
next  fpeak  of  the  yrMs. 

Wals  are  either  entire  and  continnall, 
or  intermitted;  and  the  Intermlffions  be 
either  Villon  or  Pylafiers ;  for  here  I 
had  rather  handle  them,  then,  as  fome 
others  do,  among  Ornaments. 

The  entire  Muring  is  by  Writers  di- 
verfiy  diilinguilhed:  By  fome,  accor- 
ding to  the  quality  of  the  Materinlt^  as 
either  Stone  or  ^rrVj^,&c.Where^by  the 
way,  let  me  note,that  to  build  Wats  and 
greater  Works  of  VUnt^  whereof  we 
want  not  example  in  our  IflanJ^zad  par- 
ticulaily  in  the' Province  of  Kent^  was 
(as  I  conceive)  meerly  unknown  to  the 
Ancients^  who  obferving  in  that  Matc- 

K  4  riall ' 


■ ■  (      —  " 

224         The  Elements 

riali,  a  kind  of  Metalicall  Nacure^or  ac 
lead  a  Vpijibility,  Teem  to  have  refolved 
it  into  nobler  ufe;  an  Art  now  utterly 
lofl.or  perchance  kept  up  by  a  few  Chy- 
micki,.  Some  again  do  not  fo  much 
confider  thequality,  as  the  Pojition  of 
the  faid  Materials :  As  when  Brick 
or  fquared  Stones  are  hid  in  their 
lengths  with  fides  and  heads  together, 
or  their  Points  conjoyned  like  a  Net- 
fpork^(Jox(o  f^itrfivitii  doth  call  it  re- 
ticulatumoftis)  of  familiar  ufe  (as  it 
(hould  feem)  ip  his  Age,  though  after- 
wards grown  out  of  requeft,  even  per- 
haps for  that  fubtill  fpeculation  which 
he  himfelf  toucheth  ;  becaufe  fo  laid, 
they  are  more  apt  in  fwagging  down, 
to  pierce  with  their  points,  then  in  the 
jacent  Pofture,  and  fo  to  crevice  the 
Wall:  But  to  leave  fuch  cares  to  the 
meaner  Artificers,  the  more  eifentiall 
are  thefe. 

That  the  iVaUs  be  moft  exatfT^ly 
perpendicular  to  the  Ground-iVork^, 
for  the  right  (tyingle  (thereon  depen- 
ding) is  the  true  Caufe  of  all  Stability  , 
both  in  Artificiall  and  Naturall  Pofi- 
tions:  A  man  likewife  (landing  fir- 
med. 


n.  H,  HILL  LIBRARY 

Morth  Carolina  State  CoUega 


of  Archite  Elure.       225 


meft,  when  he  (lands  uprighten.  Thac 
the  maflieft  and  heavielt  Materials  be 
the  loweft,  as  fitter  to  bear,  then  to 
be  born.  That  the  JVorl^^^iil  rifetb, 
diminifh  in  thickfie^e  proportionally, 
for  eafe  both  of  weight,  and  of  ex- 
pence.  That  certain  Courfes  or  Led" 
ges  of  more  flrength  then  the  reft,  be 
interlayed  like  Bones  ^  to  fuftain  the 
Fabrick^  from  totall  ruine,  if  the  under 
parts  (hould  decay.  Laftly,  that  the 
Angles  be  firmly  bound,  which  are 
the  Nerves  of  the  whole  Edifice^  and 
therefore  are  commonly  fortified  by 
the  Italians^  even  in  their  Brick  buil- 
dings, on  each  fide  of  the  corners,  with 
well  fquared  Stone,  yeilding  both 
flrength  and  grace.  And  fo  much  tou- 
ching the  entire  or  folid  fVall, 

The  IntermilTions  (as  hath  been 
faid)  are  either  by  Pillars,  or  Pyliaflers. 

Pi/Z^r/,  which  we  maylikewi(e  call 
Columnes  (for  the  word  among  Arti- 
ficers isalmofl:  naturalised)  I  could  di- 
flinguifh  into  Simple  and  Compounded. 
But  (to  tread  .the  beaten  and  plainefl 
way) there  are  five  Orders  of  Piflars^^iC' 
cording  to  their  dignity  and  perfection, 
chusraarfhalled.  K  5        The 


226         The  Element i 

The  Tufcan. 

The  Doricjuc. 

The  lonicjue. 

The  CorinthiaM. 

And  the  Compou/id  Order ^  or  as 
fornc  call  ic,the  Roman-^  others  more  ge- 
nerally the  Italian. 

In  which  dvc  Orders;  I  will  firft  con- 
CidcttheitCommunitiet^  and  then  their 
Proprieties. 

"their  Communities  (as  far  as  I  ob- 
ferve)  arc  Principally  three.  Firft,  they 
are  all  i?o«W  J  for  though  fome  con- 
ceive Colurmta  (^tticttrges^  mentioned 
by  Vitruvius^/il;.-^.cap.^.to  have  been  a 
lquaredPillar,yetwemuftpafs  it  over 
as  irregul3r,never  received  among  thefe 
Orders, no  more  then  certain  other  li- 
centious inventions,  of  ^rf^rW,  and 
Vinedy  and  Figured  Column^s^  which 
our  Author  himlelf  condemncth,  be- 
ing in  his  whole  Book  a  profefled  ene- 
my to  Fancies., 

Secondly,  they  zre  sM  Dimiaijhed  ot 
fontraSicd  infenfibly ,  more  or  lefTe^ 
according  to  the  proportion  of  their 
heights,  from  one  third  part  of  the 
whole  Shaft  upwards,  which  Philander 

doib* 


ofArchlteBure.       22.J 

doth  prefcribe  by  bis  own  precife 
incafaring  of  the  Ancient  remainders, 
as  the  mo  ft  gricefuli  Dimintition.  And 
here  I  muiltake  Jeave  to  blame  a  pra- 
6ice  grown  (I  know  not  how)  in 
certain  places  too  familiar,  of  making 
ruiars  fwell  in  the  middle,  as  if  they 
were  fick  of  fome  Tympany  fix.  Drcp- 
/fjWithout  any  Authenrique  Patcerne 
or  Rnle,  to  my  knowledge,  and  un- 
•feemely  to  the  very  judgment  of 
jighr.  True  it  is,  that  in  VitrHviv4jiib . 
3.  cap.  2.  we  finde  thefe  woxds,7)f  adje^ 
Siione^cjU£  adficitnr  in  mediis  Columns ^ 
qus,  aptid  Grccos  "^Evjetatf  appellatur,  in 
cxtremo  libra  erit  formatio  eJHS  ;  which 
paffage,  feeraeth  to  have  given  fome 
countenance  to  this  error.  But  of  the 
promife  there  made,  as  of  diverfe  other 
elfewhere,  our  Mafter  hath  fayled  us, 
either  by  flip  of  memory,  or  injury  of 
time,and  fo  we  are  left  in  the  dark,  Al. 
wayesfurel  am,  that  befides  the  au- 
thority of  example  which  it  wanteth. 
It  is  likewife  contrary  to  the  Originall 
andNaturallTj/jf,  mTrees^  which  at 
Erftwas  imitated  in  Pillars,^  Vitruvi- 
w  himfelf  obferveth,  lib*^.  cap.i.  For 

who 


izS        Tl)e  Elements 

who  ever  faw  any  Cyprefs ,  or  Pine 
(which  are  chere  alledged)  fmall  below 
and  above,and  tumerous  in  the  middle; 
unlefs  It  were  fome  difeafed  Plant,  as 
Nature  (though  otherwife  the  comlieft 
Miftrejfe)  hath  now  and  then  her  de- 
formities and  Irregularities  ? 

Thirdly, they  have  all  their  Vnder- 
fettings^  or  Pedtfials^  m  height  a  third 
part  of  the  whole  Columnc^  compre- 
hending the  B.ifc  and  C^.pita//;3ind  their 
upper  Ad  jun(fls,  iS(tArchitravc^  Fri<.e^ 
and  (^ornice^  a  fourth  part  of  the  faid 
Pillar  ;  which  rule,  of  fingular  ufe  and 
facility,!  find  fetled  \y^'^aiobo  Baroccio-^ 
and  hold  him  a  more  credible  Author, 
as  a  man  that  moft  intended  this  piece, 
then  any  that  vary  from  him  in  thofe 
Dimcntions. 

Thefe  are  their  mod  conHderable 
Commumties  and  agreements. 

Their  Proprieties  or  DiHinU-ions  will 
beft  appeare  by  fome  reafonable  de- 
(cription  of  them  aJl,together  with  their 
Architraves,  Friz,es^  and  Cornices^  as 
they  are ufually  handled. 

Firft  therefore,  the  Tufcan  is  a  plain,^ 
maflie,  rurall  Pillar,  refembling  fome 

fturdy 


of  JrchiteBure*      229 


(lardy  well-limb'd  Labourer,  homety 
clad,  in  which  kmde  of  companions 
VnrHvim  himfeif  feemeth  to  take  plea- 
fure,  Uh.  4.  ca^.  I    The  length  thereof 
fhall  be  fix  Diameters^  of  the  grofleft  of 
the  Pillar  below.  Of  all  proportions, 
in  truth,  the  moid  naturall;  For  our 
Author  cells  us, /j^.  3.  cap.  i.that  the 
foote  of  a  man  is  the  fixth  part  of  his 
body  in  ordinary  meafure,  and  Man 
himleif  according  to  the  faying  of  Fro- 
tago-'M  (which   Ariflotle  doth  fom- 
wbece  vouchfafe  to  celebrate)  is  to  -^ 
dTre,v]av  ^iD^Tav  ^»/^v^  as  it  were,  th<; 
Prorotjpe  of  all  exad  Symmetries  which 
we  have  had  other  occafious  to  touch 
before ;  This  (^olumne  1  have  by  good 
viSimnic^iWed  Rpirail,Vitrff.cap.2Mi>.'^. 
And  cherefore  we  need  not  confider 
his. rank  among  the  reft.  The  diftance 
or  Jmcrcvlumrtiation  (which  word  Ar- 
tificers do  ufually  borrow)  may  be 
neer    four  of  his    o^wn    Diameters^ 
becaufe  the  Materials  commonly  layd 
over  this  Pillar,  were  rather  of  wodd 
then  ftone  ,.   through  the   lightnefs 
whereof  the  Architrave  could  not  fuf- 
fer,  though  thinly  fupported  ,    nor 

the 


2 JO        The  Elements 

the  Co lu/»'/te  it  fc\£  being  fo  fubflanti- 
all.  The  Contraflion  aloft  fliall  be 
(according  to  the  mod  received  pra- 
dice)  one  fourth  part  of  his  thicJoiefs 
below.  To  conclude,  (for  I  intend  on- 
ly as  much  as  (hall  ferve  for  a  due  Di- 
jfiinguiihment ,  and  not  to  delineate 
every  petty  member)  the  Tufran  is  of 
all  the  rudefl:  Pillar,  and  his  Principall 
Charader  Sirup  licit j, 

The  Doricjue  Order  is   the  graved 
that   hath  been    received   into  civill 
uk,  preferving,  incomparifon  ofthofe 
thatfollow,a  more  Mafculine  AJi>e^^ 
and  little  trimmer  then  ih^Tufcan  that 
went  before,  favea  fober  garnifliment 
now  and  then  of  Lions  heads  in  the 
Cornice^  and  of  Trig^ljfhs  and  Afetcpes 
alwayes  in  the  J^r/^f .    Sometimes  Ijker 
wife,but  rarely,  channeled,  and  a  little 
flight  Sculpture  about  the  Hypotrache- 
lion  or  Necke,under  the Capira/L  The 
kngthjkvcn  Diameters.     His  rank  or 
degree,  is  the  loweft  by  all  Congruity, 
as  being  more  maflie  then  the  other 
three,  and  cenfequently  abler  tofup- 
port.  The  Intercolumniatlon^  thrice  as 
much  as  his  thicknefs   below.     The 

Comrn' 


of  Architeciure.      2:^1 


ContraEiicm\oh^  oneFlftof  the  fame 
meafure.  To  difcern  him,  will  be  a 
peice  rather  of  good  HerMdrj^  then  of 
ArchiteBure :  For  he  is  beft  known  by 
his  place  when  he  is  in  company,  and 
by  the  peculiar  ornament  of  his  FriK.e 
(before  mentioned)  when  he  is  alone. 

'Xht  I cnique  Order  ^oi\i  reprefent  a 
kinde  of  Feminine  fiendernefs,  yet 
faith  VitrHvius^  not  like  a  light  Houfe- 
wife,  but  in  a  decent  drefling,  hath 
much  of  the  ^^atrom.  The  length 
^{^il^tameters.  In  degree  as  in  fub- 
flantialneffe,  next  above  the  Doricjue^ 
fuftayning the  third,  and  adorning  the 
iecond  Story.  The  IntercoUmmation 
two  of  his  own  Diameters.  The  Coti" 
traElion  one  fixt  part.  Beft  known  by 
his  trimmings,  for  the  body  of  this 
Columne  is  perpetually  channeled,  like 
a  thick  pleighted  Gown.  The  Cap- 
tall  dreffed  on  each  fide,  not  much  un- 
like womens  Wires,  ma  fpirall  wrea- 
thing,which  they  call  the  Ionian  Voluta. 
The  Coz-wiVf  indented.  The  Fn-^r  fwel- 
liog  like  a  pillow;  And  therefore  by  Vi- 
pwijis  ^not  unelegautly  termed  Palvi- 
^Md.lhsk  are  his  befl  CharaSers. 

The 


z^z 


The  Elements 


The  Corinthian^  is  a  Columne  laCivi- 
oufly  decked  like  a  Curcezan  ,  and 
therein  much  participating  (as  all  In- 
ventions do)  of  the  place  where  they 
werefirft  born:  Corinth  having  been 
without  controverfie  one  of  the  wan- 
toneftTownes  in  the  world.  This 
Ordir  is  of  nine  T>i(imetvrs.  Hts  degree, 
one  Stage  above  the  Joni^ue^  and  al- 
waiesthehigheftofthe  fimple  Orders. 
The  IntcrcQlumniation  two  of  his  Dia- 
rKetcr.f^2ind  a  fourth  part  more,  which 
is  of  all  other  the  comlieft  didance.The 
Conrra<flion  one  feventh  Part.    In  the 

Our  artisans  Cornice  both  'Dcnte/h  and 
call  them  Modigliont.  The  Frtz.e^ 
Teeth  and  adorned  with  all  kinds  of 
Canouics.  Pigur^t  and  various  Com- 
partments atPleafure.  TheCapita!s,cut 
into  the  beautifulleft  leafe  that  Nature 
doth  yeeld ;  which  fu rely , next  the  Acq- 
nitum  P  ard^/ianches(te)e6\ed  peich^Lnce 
as  an  ominous  Plant)  is  the  Acanthus^ 
or  Brancha  Vrfina  ;  though  Vitruvius 
do  impute  the  choice  thereof  unto 
Chance,  and  we  muft  be  contented  to 
beleeve  him :  In  fhort,As  PUinnefs  did 
Charaflarize  the  Tufc^n^  fo  mud  Beli' 

cacy 


ofjinhiteHure,     zj^ 


cdcy  and  Variety  the  Corimhian  Pillar ; 
bdldes  the  height  of  his  Rank. 

The  hft-is  the  Compunded  Order : 
Wis  trame  being  a  briefe  of  his  Nature. 
Foi  this  Pillar  isnothiug  ineffe(5^,  but 
a  JMediie,  or  an  /^  w-«J/>  of  all  the  ^rtce^ 
dentOrrtamms,  making  a  new  kinde, 
by  ftealch  $  and  though  the  moft  rich- 
ly tricked,  yet  the  poorefl  in  this,  that 
he  is  a  borrower  of  all  his  Beaut^'.  His 
length,  (that he  may  have  fomwhat 
of  his  own)  Aiall  be  of  ten  Diameter/. 
Mis  degree  (hould,  no  doubts  be  the 
higheft  by  reafons  before  yeelded.  But 
few  Palaces,  Ancient  or  Moderne,  ex- 
ceed the  third  of  the  Civill  Orders .  The 
Jntercolumniation  but  z  Diameter  omd 
an  half,  or  alwayes  fomwhat  lefs  then 
two.The  Contradion  of  this  Pillar  muft 
be  one  eighth  Part  lefs  above  then  be- 
low.    To  know  him  will  be  eafie  by 
the  very  mixture  of  his  Ornaments,  and 
Clothing. 

And  fo  much  touching  the  five  Or- 
ders of  Columnes,which  I  will  conclude 
with  two  or  three  not  impertinent 
Cautions : 

Firft,  that  where  more  of  thefe  Or- 
ders 


2J4        ^'^^  Elements 

ders  then  one,  fhall  be  fet  in  feverall 
Stories  or  Contignations^  there  muft  bc 
ancxquifitccare  to  place  the  ^(?/«w«fx 
precifely,  one  over  another,  that  fo 
thcfo/id  may  anfwer  to  the/olUy  and 
the  t/^cjKmVj  to  the  t/4c/<iV/f/,  aswel) 
for  Beamy ^  as  ftrength  of  the  Fabrick^: 
And  by  this  Caution  the  Confcquencc 
is  plain,  that  when  we  fpeak  of  the 
Jmercohimmation  or  Diftance  which  is 
due  to  each  Order^  we  mean  in  a  T)o' 
rique,  lonicall,  Corinthii:n  *Porch,  OF 
(ioifier^OX  the  like  of  one  Contignation, 
and  not  In  Storied  Boildings. 

Secondly,  Let  the  Cohntnes  above 
tea  fourth  part  leflfe.thea  tbofe  below, 
faith  Vitruvius^  liif.^^cafA.  Afttange 
Precept  in  my  opinion;  and  fo  ftrange, 
that .  pcradventure  it  were  more  fu- 
table,  even  to  his  own  Principles,  to 
make  them  rather  a  fourth  Pirt  grea- 
ter. ¥br  JiJr.'^.cap^i.  where  our  Ma- 
iler handleth  the  Ccntra^ions  of  Pil- 
lars, we  have  an  Optqm  Rtile,  that  the 
higher  they  are,  the  leffe  (hoiild  be  al- 
ways their  diminution  aloft,  becaufe 
the  Eye\t  felfe  doth  naturally  contrad 
all  Oh]cBs  more  or  lefle,  according  to 

the 


of  ArchlteEinre,        2^5 


the   Dijtance ;    which    Confideration 
may,  at  firft  fight,  fcem  to  have  b^en 
Torgocten  in    the  Caution  we   have 
flow  given  *  but  Vttruvitu  (the  befl-  In- 
terpreter of  himfelfe)  hath  in  the  fame 
pJace  of  his  fift  Book  well  acquitted 
iiis Memory  by thefe words*.  Cdumyie 
(uferiorei  cyiortd  parte  miHores^  quam 
fnferuiref,  funt  con^ituenda  ;  prept^rea 
tfuvdjOfer^ferevdi  c^udjnnt  inferiora^fir'- 
mora^ffedebeitt ;  preferring  like  a  wife 
Mechamck,  the  naturall  Reafon  before 
the  Mathematical A^  ieofible  conceits 
before  ahUrade  J.  And  yet  libj^.  capu^. 
he  ^eemetb  again  toaffeftiyK^^^/fy,  al- 
lowing Pillars  the  more  they  arechaiv. 
neled,  to  be  the  more  (lender ;  becatrfe 
while  our  Eye  (faith  he)  doth  as  it 
were  diftin<Hly  meafure  the  eminent 
and  the  hollowed  Parts,  the  Totall  Ob- 
jed  appeareth  the  bigger,  and  fo  as 
mnch  as   thofe  excavations  do  fub- 
tra^,  is   fof^ied  by  a  Fallacy  of  the 
Sight  i    But  here  me  thinks,  our  Ma- 
iler (hould  iikewife  have  rather  con- 
fibred  the   naturall  Inconvenience ; 
for  though  Pillars  by  channeling,  be 
feemingly  ii^rofled  to  our  Sight,  yet 

they 


2^6        The  Elements 

they  are  truely  weakened  in  them- 
felves ;  and  therefore  ought  perchance 
in  found  reafon  not  to  be  the  more 
flender,  but  the  more  corpulent,  unleffe 
apparancts  preponder  truths,  hut  Cok- 
tra  Magiflrum  non  efi  diffutimdunt. 

A  third  Caution  (hall  be,  that  all  the 
proje^ed  or  jutting  Parts  (as  they  arc 
termed)  be  very  moderate,  efpecially, 
the  Cornices  of  the  lower  Orders-,  for 
whileft  fome  think  to  give  them  a 
beautifull  and  royall  Afped  by  their 
Jargeneffe,  they  fomtimes  hinder  both 
the  Light  within,  (whereof  I  fluU 
fpeak  more  in  due  place)  and  like- 
wife  detrad  much  from  the  view  of 
the  From  without,  as  well  appeareth  in 
one  of  the  principall  Fabricks  at  ^ip- 
*tice^  namely,  the  Palace  ofthe  Duke 
Grimani  on  the  Canal  grandeyt\\\Qh.  by 
this  magnificent  errour,  is  fomewhai 
difgraced .-  I  need  now  fay  no  more 
concerning  Columm  r  &  their  AdjunBs^ 
about  which  Architects  make  fuch  a 
noyfe  in  their  Books,  as  if  the  very 
terms  of  (^Architraves^     and  Friz>es^ 
and  Cornices  ^  and  the  like,  were  e- 
nough  to  graduate  a  Mafter  of  this 

Art\ 


of  ^rchiteBurei      z^j 

"  _  I  r 

Art :  yet  let  me  before  1  paflTc  to  otheir 
matter,  prevent  a  familiar  Objecf^on  ; 
It  will  perchance  be  faid,  that  all  this 
Dodlrine  touching  the  five  Orders^ 
Vttvt  fitter  for  the  Quarries  of  AJi^ 
which  yeilded  izy.Colttmnes  o(6o:Foot 
high  to  the  Ephefiaft  Temple  ;  or  for 
Nftmidiu^yfiherc  Marbles  abound;  then 
for  the  Spirits  of  England^  who  muft 
be  contented  with  more  ignoble  y^<?r^- 
rials '.  Tow'ich  lanfwer,  That  this 
need  not  difcourage  us :  For  I  have 
often  at  Venice  Viewed  with  much  plea- 
fure,  an  Atrium  Cr^rum  (we  may  tran- 
flateit  an  Anti-porch^  after  the  Greek 
manner)  raifed  by  Andrea  TalUdio^ 
upon  eight  Columncs  of  the  compounded 
Order  I  The  Bafes  of  Stone,  without 
Tedifials;  The  shafts  or  Bodies  of 
meer  Brick,  three  foot  and  an  halfe 
thick  in  the  Diameter  below,  and  con- 
iequentiy  thirty  five  foot  high ,  as 
himfelf  hath  defcribed  them  in  his  fe- 
cond  Book  J  Then  which,  mine  Eye 
hath  n?ver  yet  beheld  any  Columnes 
more  (lately  of  Stone  or  Marble;  For 
the  Bricks  having  firft  been  formed  in 
a  circular  LMould,  and  then  cut  before 

their 


z^3         The  Elsnmits 

cheir  burning  into  four  Quarters  or 
more,  the  fides  afterwards  joyne  fo 
clofely,  and  the  points  concenter  fo 
exactly,  that  the  Pillars  appear  one 
entire  Pecce ;  which  fhort  defcription 
I  could  not  omit,  that  thereby  may  ap- 
pear, how  in  truth  we  want  rather 
Art  then  Stuffe,  to  fatisfie  our  greateft 
Fancies. 

After  Ti/iars,  the  next  in  my  diftri- 
bution  are  Pyhfiers,  mentioned  by 
VitrHvttis,  iik'i.cap.  r.  and  fcant  any 
where  elfe  under  the  name  of  Par  aba- 
tes, as  Philander  conceiveth,  which 
Cjrammatical  Point  (though  perchance 
not  very  clear)  1  am  contented  to  exa- 
mine no  further.  Always,  what  we 
mean  by  the  thing  it  felfe  is  plain 
enough  in  our  own  vulgar;  Touch- 
ing which,  I  will  brielly  colIc(5l  the 
moil  conHderable  Notes. 

Pylafters  muft  not  be  too  tall  atid 
llendef,  left  they  refemble  PHUrt,  not 
too  "Djvarfi/h  and  groffe.  left  chey 
imitate  the  Piles  or  Peers  of  Bridges; 
Smoothnefle  doth  not  fo  naturally  be- 
come chem,  as  a  Ku^ick  Superficief  f 
for  they  aim  more  at  State  &  Strength; 

toen 


of  ArchlteSlure. 


then  Elegancie,  la  private  Buildings 
they  ought  not  to  be  narrower  then 
one  Third,  nor  broader  then  two 
parts  of  the  whole  Vacuity  be^ 
tween  TyUfier  aud  PjUfier  •  but  to 
thofe  that  fland  at  the  Corners,  may  be 
allowed  a  little  more  Latitude  by  diP- 
cretion,  for  ftrength  of  the  Angles :  In 
Theaters  and  Z^mphl'thedters  and 
fuch  weighty  Works,Pa/Udio  obferveth 
them,  to  have  been  as  broad  as  the 
half,  and  now  and  then  as  the  whole 
Vacuity  He  noteth  likewife  (and 
others  confent  with  him)  that  theic 
true  Troprtion  (hould  be  an  exad 
Sc^uare ;  But  for  leffening  of  expence, 
and  enlarging  of  room,  they  are  com* 
monly  narrower  In  Flank,^  then  in 
Front;  Their  principall  Grace  doth 
confifl:  in  halfe  or  whole  Villars  ap- 
plied unco  them;  in  which  cafe  it  is 
well  noted  by  Authours,  that  the  Co- 
lumnes  may  be  allowed  fomwhat  a- 
bove  their  ordinary  length,  becaufe 
they  lean  unco  fo  good  Supporters,Anii 
thus  much  (hall  futfice  touching  PyU- 
Berf^  which  IS  a  cheap,  and  a  flfong,and 
a  noble  kind  of  Stru^Hre, 

Now 


240         The  Elements 

Now  becaufe  they  areofcner,  both 
for  Beauty  and  Majefty,  found  arched^ 
then  otlierwife;  I  am  here  orderly 
led  to  rpeak  o^o^rcks^  and  under  the 
fame  head  of  faults  :  for  an  Arch  is 
nothing  indeed  but  a  contracfled  Vault ^ 
and  a  Vault  is  but  a  dilated  Arch  : 
Therefore  to  handle  this  Piece  both 
compendiuuriy,  and  fundamentally,  I 
willrefolve  the  whole  bufinefle  into  a 

few  Thi  urems. 

Thcoran     i . 

Allfolid  A/.jffj'/.zA  free  from  impe- 
diment ,  do  defcend  perpendicfJarly 
downward?,  becaufe  Pvfiderofity  is  a 
natutall  inclination  to  the  Center  of 
the  World  ,  and  Nature  performeth 
her  Motions  by  the  fliorteft  lines. 

'Theorem     2. 

Bricks  moulded  in  their  ordinary 
Rei}angHlar  forme.^  if  they  fhall  belaid 
one  by  another  in  a  levell  row,  be- 
tween any  Supporters  fuftaining  the 
two  ends ,  then  all  the  pieces  between 

will 


ofJnhiteBure      241 


will  neeeffarily  fink  even  by  theit 
own  natural  Gravity  ^  and  much  more, 
if  they  fuffer  any  dfepreflion  fay  other 
weight  above  them,  becauie  their 
fides  being  faraUU^  they  have  room 
to  defcend  ferjendieularly^  without  im- 
peachment ,  according  to  the  former 
Theorem ;  Therefore  to  make  them 
(land,  we  muft  either  change  their  Po- 
fture^  or  their  Figure^  or  both. 

Theorem  3 

If  Bricks  moulded,  or  Stones  fqua* 
red  Cufieatim  (that  xi^Wedge'Voife-^to^- 
der  above  then  below)  (hall  be  laid  in 
a  Rorv-leveU^  with  their  ends  liippottcd, 
35  in  the  precedent  Theorem^  pointing 
all  to  one  Ceyiter ;  then  none  of  the 
pieces  between  can  fink  till  the  Sap- 
porters  give  way,  becaufe  they  wint 
room  in  that  Figuration^  to  defcend 
perpertdicuUrly.    But  this  is  yet  a  weak 
piece  o^StrfiRure ,   becaufe  the  Sup- 
^rurs  are  fubjed  to  much  impulfion, 
efpecially  if  the  line  be  long ;  for  which 
reafon  this  F6rm  i?  feldom  ufed,  but 
over    fVind'jrves^     or  narrow   'T>ot)res. 

L  There- 


24^        TJje  Elements. 

Therefore  to  fortifie  the  ^Vork^zs  in  this 
third  Theoreme^  we  have  fuppofed  the 
Figure  oid\\  the  LMatrrials  different 
from  thofe  in  the  fecond  ;  So  likewife 
we  mull  now  change  the  ToHure^  as 
will  appear  in  the  Theorems  following. 

Theoreme  4. 

If  the  L^Utenali  figured  as  before 
TVedge-wife,  (hall  not  be  difpofed  level- 
Jy,  but  in  form  of  fonie  Arch,  or  porti- 
on of  a  Circle,  pointing  all  to  the  fame 
Center ,  In  this  cafe  neither  the  pieces 
of  the  faid  Arch  can  fink  downwards, 
through  want  of  room  to  defcend 
^jrhefrft  perpendicularly  ;  Nor  the 
Theor.  Supporters  or  Bututenn   (as 

they  are  termed)  of  the  Did  Arch  can 
fufrcrfo  much  violence,  as  in  the  prece- 
dent flat  Pofture  ;  for  the  roundnefs  wil 
always  make  the  incumbent  weight 
rather  to  reft  upon  the  Supporters^  chen 
to  (hove  them ;  when(  e  may  be  d  rawn 
an  evident  Corolary :  that  the  lafeft  of 
3\\  Arches  is  the  Semi-circu/er,  and  of 
2i\\Vafi/ts  the  Hemtfphere^  though  not 
abfolutely  exempted  from  feme  natu- 

rall 


of  ArchiteEhure,        245 


Tail  weaknefTe,  *  as  "Baraardim  BaUi 
Ahboc  of  Guafidlla^  in  his    _^ .  .  . 
Q,mnj««^y,n  ^«/f.-  ^"^^^ 
ties  LMechatnck£^  doth  ve-  t/^g  gf-  p„^ 
ry  well  prove :  where  let  me  pviknHr 
note  by  the  way,  thatwlien  i^^^s*  ^ 
any  thing  is  Mathematica/iy  ^W'^'^^A^ 
demoxifirated  weak,  it  is  much  more 
C^fechanicaUy   weak :    Errours   evia: 
occfifring  moreeafily  in  the  manage- 
ment of  Gro^e  Mater mU  then  Lixeai 
Defignes, 

Theoreme  5. 
As  Semiciicular  Arches^  or  Hemi^ 
phericall  Vaults^  being  raifed  upon  the 
lotail  Diameter^  be  of  all  other  the 
isounded,  and  coniequently  die  Iccil- 
reft,  by  the  precedent  Theoreme :  So 
thole  arc  the  gracefulleft,  which  kee- 
ping precifely  the  fame  height,  ihall 
yec  be  diftended  one  fourteenth  part 
longer  then  the  faid  entire  DiameM-  • 
which  addition  of  diftent  will  confer 
much  to  their  Beauty^  and  detra^  but 
little  from  their  Strength. 

This  Obfervation  I  find  in  Leon^ 
Mofijta  Alberti ;  But  the  pra<flice  how 
iBo  |H«lerve  the  fame  height,   and  yec 

L  2  diftend 


244        ^^^^  Elements 


diftend  the  Aims  or  Ends  of  the  Arch,is 
in  Albert  Dnrcrs  Geometry^  who  taught 
the  Italiayis  many  an  excellent  Linc^  of 
great  ufe  in  this  An. 

Upon  thcfe  five  Thcoreme*,  all  the 
skill  of  Arching  and  Vaulting  is  groun- 
ded ;  As  for  thofe  Arches^  which  our 
Artizans  tall  of  the  third  and  fourth 
point;  And  the  Tnfcan  Writers  di  tcrzo^ 
and  dicjuarto  acHto^  becaufe  they  a!- 
wayes  concurre  in  an  acute  Angle, 
and  do  fpiing  from  divilion  of  the 
*Di^mcter  into  three ,  four,  or  more 
parts  at  pleafure ;  I  fay,  fuch  as  thefe, 
both  for  the  naturall  imbecility  of  the 
(harp  Angle  it  felfe,  and  likewife  for 
their  very  Vncomelineffe,  ought  to  be 
exiled  from  judicious  eyes,  and  left  to 
their  firfl:  Inventors,  the  gothes  or 
Lumbards,  zmongd  Ol\\tt  Rcliques  of 
that  barbarous  Age. 

Thus  of  my  Hrfl  Partition  of  the 
parts  of  every  Fabricl:^ ,  into  f\\Q 
Heads,  having  gone  through  the  two 
former,  &  been  incidently  carried  into 
this  laft  Doftrin  touching  Arches  and 
Vaults.  The  next  now  in  order  are 
the  ApertioMs;  under  which  term  I 

do 


of  ArchiteHure^       245 


do  comprehend  Deors ,  TVi»dojpes, 
Stair-cafes^  Chjmnies,  or  Other  Con- 
dfifts :  In  fliorc,  all  In-lets,  or  Out- 
lets J  To  which  belong  two  generaJl 
Cautions. 

Firft,  That  they  be  as  few  in  num- 
ber, and  as  moderate  in  Dimenfion, 
as  may  poflibly  confifl  with  other  due 
refpeds :  for  in  a  word,  all  Openings 
are  IVeaknings. 

Secondly,  That  they  do  not.  ap- 
proach too  near  the  Angles  of  the 
Wals  J  for  it  were  indeed  a  moft  effen- 
tiall  Solecifme  to  weaken  that  pare 
which  muft  ftrengthen  alltherefl;  K 
precept  well  recorded,  but  ill  pradi- 
fed  by  the  Italians  themfelves,  particu- 
larly  at  Venice^  where  I  have  obfer- 
ved  divers  VergoHj  or  Meniana  (as 
Vitruvius  leemetTi  to  call  them,  which 
are  certain  baliifed  out-flandings  to 
latisne  cunolicy  of  light)  ver\'  dange- 
rouQy  fee  forth,  upon  the  very  point  It 
felf  of  the  Hpirjtll  ArfHc. 

Now,  Albeit  I  make  lufte  to  the 
cafting  and  comparting  of  the  whole 
iVork^,  (being  indeed  the  vety  Defi- 
nitive Sum  of  this  Art,  to  diflribute 

L  3  ufe- 


1 4^        The  Elements 

ufefully  and  gracefully  a  well  chofen 
Plot)  yet  I  will  firft  under  their  fevcrall 
HeadSjColled  briefly  fome  of  the  choy- 
feft  notes  belonging  to  thefe  particu- 
lar Overtures, 


Of  "Doors  and  IVhd 


ows. 


THefe  In-let s  of  Men  and  of  Lights 
Icouple  together,  becaufe  I  Hnd 
their  Dimenfions  brought  under  one 
Rule  by  Leon  Albcrti  (a  learned  Seat- 
cher)  who  from  the  School  ofPythiZ- 
goras  (where  it  was  a  fundamental! 
Afaxlme^  that  the  Images  of  all  things 
are  latent  in  Numbers)  doth  determine 
the  comelieft  Proportion  between 
bredchs  and  heights ;  Reducing  Sym- 
metrie  to  Sjmphonie,  and  the  harmony 
of  Sound  ,  to  a  kinde  of  barrKony 
in  Sights  after  this  manner:  The  two 
principal  Confonances,  that  mofl  ravifh 
theEar,  are  by  confent  of  all  Nature, 
the  ^fr,  a^n^ihtOBavei  whereof  the 
firfl  rifeth  radically  from  the  propor- 
tion between  two  and  three-.  The  o- 
ther  from  the  double  Intervall,  be- 
tween One  and  Two^  or  between  Two 

and 


of  ^rcblteEture,      247 


and  Fofir^  Uz.  Now  if  we  (hall  tranf- 
port  the(e  proportions  from  Audible 
to  Vifible  Ohje^s  J  and  apply  them  as 
they  (hall  fall  fitteft  (the  nature  of  the 
Place  confidered)     namely,  in  Tome 
fVindows    and  Doors^  the  Symmetne 
of  Two  to  Three  in  their  Bredth  and 
Length ;    In  others,  the  double  as  a- 
forefaid;  There  will  indubitably  re- 
fult  from  either  a  gracefull  and  har- 
m>nious   contentment    to    the  Eye: 
Which  fpeculation,  though  it  may  ap- 
pear unto  vulgar  AnUans,  perhaps  too 
lubtil,    and  too  fublime,  yet  we  mull 
remember,  thdiZ  Vitruvius  himfelf  doth 
determme  many  things  in  his  profef- 
fion    by  Mnfical  Grounds,  and  much 
commendeth  in  an  Archite^^  a  Philofo* 
phical  Spirit;  that  is,  he  would  have  him 
(as  I  conceive  it)  to  be  no  fuperHciall, 
and  floating  Artificer :  but  a  Diver  into 
Cxsifes^  &  into  the  Mjfleries  of  Propor' 
tion.  Of  the  Ornaments  belonging  both 
to  Doors  and  fVindows^    I  (hall  fpeak 
in  other  place ;  But  let  me  here  adde 
one  Obfervation  ;  That  our  Mafier  (as 
appeareth  by  divers  paiTages,  and  par- 
ticularly Uk  6.  cap.  9.)  feems  to  have 

L  4  been 


248         The  Elements 

been  an  cxtream  Lover  of  Luminous 
Roomes;  And  indeed,  I  muft  confefTe, 
that  a  Frank  Light  can  mif-become 
no  <t/£difice  whatfoever.  Temples  only 
excepted;  which  were  anciently  dark, 
as  they  are  likewife  at  this  day  in  feme 
Proportion.  Devotion  more  requiring 
collet ed  then  dijfufed  Spirits, 
Lumen  eft  Yet  on  the  otherfide,we  muft 
difufwum    ^^j^g  jj^ji  j^,  makeaHoufc 

all  ^j'/,  like  ^r^^  j  which  in  Northern 
C/»Vwf/ would  be  too  cold,  In  Southern 
too  hot :  And  therefore  the  matter  in- 
deed importeth  more  then  a  merry  com- 
parifon.Befides,There  is  no  part  of  Stru- 
cture either  more  expenc^ful  then  af//?- 
dows,  or  more  ruinous  j  not  only  for 
that  vulgar  reafon,  as  being  expofed  to 
all  violence  of  weather;  but  becaufe 
<onfifting  of  fo-different  and  unfociable 
pieces,  as  fVood,  Iron,  Lead^  and  (J/aJfcy 
and  thofe  fmaH  and  weak, they  are  ea(ily 
fhaken ;  I  muft  likewife  remember  one 
thing,  ( though  it  be  but  a  Grammatical 
Note)touching  Doors.Somt  were  Fores 
and  fome  were  Valv^.  Thofc  (as  the  ve- 
ry word  may  feem  to  import)  did  open 

out' 


of  ArchiteBure,       249 


outwards^  Thefe  inrrnrds ,  and  were 
commonly  of  two  Leaves  or  ?anes,  (as 
we  call  them)  thereby  requiring  in- 
deed a  lefler  Circuit  in  their  unfol dings ' 
And  therefore  much  in  ufe  among  Ita- 
lians at  this  day ;  But  I  mufl  charge 
them  with  an  Tmperfe^ion,  for  though 
they  let  in  as  well  as  the  former,  yet 
ihey  keep  out  worfe.. 

Of  Stair-cafes. 

TO  make  a  Com  pleat  Smr^ 
.  cafe ,  is  a  curious  piece  of  ^r^ 
chiteBure:  The  vulgar  Cautions  are 
thefe. 

That  it  have  a  very  liberall  Light- 
againft  all  Cafualty  of  Slip^  and 
Fallsy  ^ 

That  the  fpace  above  the  Head,  be 
large  and  airy^  which  the  Italians  ufe 
to  call  Vn  hel-^fogol'^^  as  it  were  good 
Ventilation,  becaufe  a  man  doth  fpend 
much  breath  in  mounting. 

That  the  Half-paces  be  well  diftri- 
buted  at  competent  diflances,  for  re» 
pofing  on  the  way. 

That  to  avoid  Encounters^  and  be* 


zjo        The  Elements 

■    ■■■II—  III  .        ■■■        ^      —  M  I      !■    ■■       I   I  ■  ■    .^M^,— — M— M^^«— » 

fides  to  gratific  the  beholder,  the  whole 
Staire-cafe  have  no  nigard  Latitude^ 
that  is^for  the  principall  Afcera^  at  Iea{l 
ten  ioot'm  Rojall  Buildings. 

That-the  breadth  of  every  fingle  Step 
orStaire  be  never  lefs  then  one  foot,aor 
fllore  then  eighteen  inches. 

That  they  exceed  by  no  means  half 
a  foot  in  their  height  or  thicknefs,  for 
our  Legges  do  labour  more  in  Eleva- 
tion^  then  in  Dlfieation  :  Thefe  I  fay 
are  familiar  remembrances,to  which  lee 
me  add. 

That  the  fteps  be  layd  where  tliey 
Joyn  Con  mi  tantinodifcarpa  j  we  may 
tranflate  it  fomwhat  (loafing,  that  fo 
the  foot  may  in  a  fort  botli  afcend  and 
defcend  together,  which  though  obfer- 
vedbyfew,  is  afecretand  delicate  de- 
ception of  the  pains  in  mounting. 

Laftly,  to  reduce  this  doflrine  to 
fome  Naturally  or  at  leafl:  Mathcmati- 
call  ground, (our  Mafier^^s  we  kajlb.g 
tap. I.)  borroweth  thofe  proportions 
that  make  the  fides  of  a  ReSi angular 
Triangle.,  which  the  Ancient  Schoole 
did  exprefs  m  lowed  termes,  by  the 
mumbeis  of  3. 4  and;  J.  That  is.  Three 

for 


of  Arch'iteHure.       a  51 

for  the  Perpendic filar ^  from  the  Sidre^ 
had  to  tbe  ground  ;  Foure  fof  the 
Craund -line  il  felf,  or  Kecejfion  from 
the  wail;  And  F/w  for  the  whole  /«- 
dinatuxn  or  floapenefs  in  the  afcent ; 
which  proportion,  faith  he,  will  make 
Temp^ratits  gradnum  lihrationes.  Hi- 
tlierto  of  Staire-cafes  which  are  dire<5l : 
There  are  likewife  Spirally  or  C^ekje 
flaires^  either  CirctiUr^  or  Ovall^  and 
fometimes  running  about  a  Pillar. 
fometimes  vacant^herein  PalUdio^  (A 
man  in  this  pointof  fingular  felicity) 
was  wont  to  divide  the  Btaineter  of  the 
firfl  fort  into  three  parts,  yeelding  one 
to  the  PMar^  and  two  to  the  Steps  j  Of 
the  fecond  into  four,  whereof  he  gave 
two  to  the  Stairef,txnd  two  to  the  Vaeu-- 
itjy  which  had  all  their  light  from  a^ 
bove.  And  this  in  exa<^  Ovali  is  a  Ma- 
fter-piece. 

OfChimnies, 

IN  the  prefent  huCintCsJtaliayts  (who 
make  very  frugall  fires,  are  perchance 
notthe  beft  Counfellers.  j  Therefore 
from  thqn  we  may  better  learn,  both 

how 


252 


The  Elements 


howtoraife  faire  Mantels  wichin  the 
roomes,  and  how  to  difguifc  graceful- 
ly the  fhafts  of  Chimmes  abroad  fas 
£  hey  life)  in  fundry  formes,  (which  I 
(hal  handle  in  the  later  part  of  my  La* 
hour)  and  th.ercfl  I  will  extract  from 
Philippe  dcl'Ormi  ,  in  this  pa  it  of  his 
/^^«r/(:^morediiigcnr,then  in  any  other  ; 
or,  to  do  him  nghr,  then  anv  man 
eUe. 

Firft,  lie  obferveth  veiy  foberly, 
that  wlio  in  the  difpoHtion  of  any 
Building  Will  conHder  tlie  nature  of 
the  Region,  and  iUqI'I'i/icIi i  that  oidma- 
rily  blow  fiomthr-,  or  that  Q^.i'v/^j^; 
mjght  fo  cafl;  the  roomes  which  fhali 
mofl  need  Hre  ,  that  he  fhould  little 
feare  theincommodjty  o^S/ziokj.  and 
therefore  he  tlunkes  that  inconveni- 
ence, for  the  moA  parr,  to  protecdc 
from  fome  inconfiderare  beginning. 
Or  ifch.e  eirour  lay  not  m  the  Difpofm- 
ov}^  but  in  tlie  StruBkrc  it  felf  ;  tiien  he 
makes  a  Logicall  enquiry.  That  cither 
the  fVi,/4c  IS  too  much  let  in  above,  ac 
the  mouth  of  the  Sha/r^  or  the  Smoke 
ftifled  below  :  If  noneof  thcfe,  Tiieii 
there  is  a  repulflon  of  the  fi-mc,   by 

fome. 


of  AnhkeBure.      ^5  J 

ibme  higher  Hi/l  or  Fahickj,  that  flutl 
overtop  the  Chimney,  and  workc  the 
former  efFed  :  If  likewife  nor  this. 
Then  he  concludes,  that  the  Roome 
which  is  infefted,- mud  be  neceflarily 
both  little  and  clofe,  fo  as  the  fmoke 
cannot  ilTue  by  a  naturall  Principle, 
parting  a  fuccellion  and  fupply  of  new 
yljrc. 

Now,  In  thcfe  cafes  he  fuggefteth 
divers  Artificial!  remedies,  of  which! 
will  allow  one  a  Wale Dejcnptioyi^  be- 
cauie  \th\ouKih.o^  Ehilofophie,  and 
was  touched  by  VitrHvim  himfelf,//^.i 
£vr/>.6.  but  by  this  man  ingenioufly  ap- 
plied to  the  prefent  ufe  •  He  will  have 
us  provide  two  hollow  brafs  Balls  of 
realbnableca|)acitie,  with  little  holes  6- 
penin  both,  for  reception  of  Water, 
when  the  Air  ftiall  be  firft  fucked  out ; 
Oneofthefe  we  mufl:  place  with  the 
hole  upwards,  upon  an  iron  Wire,  that 
ftaltravcrfe  i\\t  Chimney ,  a  little  above 
the  Mantcll,  at  the  ordinary  height  of 
the  iharpeft  heate  or  flames ,  whereof 
the  water  within  being  rarified,  and 
by  rarifadion   refolved  into   JVindp, 
will  break  out,    and  fo  force  up  tho 

fm.cke. 


254        ^^  Elements 


fmoke,  which  othcrwife  might  linger 
in  the  Tiinyicli^  by  the  way,  and  of- 
tentimes revert ;  With  the  other, (faith 
he)  wc  may  fupply  the  place  of  the  for- 
mer, when  It  IS  ejcliaufted;    or  for  a 
need  blow  the  lire  in  the  mean' while. 
Which  Invention  I  have  intcrpofed  for 
fomc  little  intertamment  of  the  Reader; 
I  Will  conclude  with  a  note  fiom  Pai- 
ladto^  who  obferveth  that  the  A;icicnts 
did  warm  their  Roomes    with  certain 
fecret   Pipes  that  came  through  tiie 
Walles,  tranfponingheate  (a<;  1  con- 
ceive it)  to  fundry  parts  of  the  Houfe 
from  one  common   rnrnacc  ;    T  am 
ready  to  baptize  them  CalidaUs^    as 
well  as  they  are  termed    Vtnn-d^Els 
and  Aqu£-diiU:i  that  convey    Windc 
and  Water  ;  which  whether  it  were  a 
cuflome  or  a  delicacie,  was  furely  both 
for  thrift,  and  for  ufe,  far  beyond  the 
German  Stova  ;  And  I  fhould  prefer 
it  likewife  before  our  own  fafhion,  if 
the  very  fight  of  a  fire  did  not  add  to 
,.    ,,    ,  theRoome  a  kind  of 

y  '1  KtpiitatioK,  as  old 
fli)to?  iho^-  Horn,  riomer  doth  teach  us 
Epigr.  in  a  verfe,fufficient  to 

prove 


a/  4rthkeBure.      -^55 

prove  chat  himfelf  was  not  blind,  as 
ibme  wonld  lay  to  his  charge. 

Touching  Candu^s  for  the  SuiUttge^ 
and  other  necefficie^  of  the  Houfe, 
{whkh  how  bafe  foever  in  ufe,  yet  for 
health  of  the  inhabitanKs,  are  as  con- 
(iderable,&  perhaps  more  then  the  reft) 
I  findc  in  our  Authors,  this  Counfell  j 
That  Art  (hould  imitate  NutHre^  in 
tbofe  ignoble  conve>'ances  5  and  fep^- 
rate  them  from  Sight,.  ( where  there 
wants  a  running  Water)  mto  the  moft- 
rcmote,  and  loweft,  and  thickeft  jvirt 
f^  the  Fottndatioyj ;  with  fecrct  vents 
..iiring  up-through  the  Walls  like  a 
THntiell  to  the  wilde  Aire  aloft :  which 
all  Italian  Artiians  commend  for  the 
difchai^e  of  noyfome  vapours,  though 
elfe-whcre  to  my  knowledge  little  pra- 
aifed. 

Thus  havmg  co:nfidered  the  prece- 
dent Apenigns,  ot  Ovtrtur es, in  Csve- 
rallcy,  according  to  their  particular 
Requiikes,  I  am  now  come  to  the  ca- 
fting  antl  Contexture  of  the  whole 
/^<?r;^,comprehended  under  the  term  of 
Com^anition  :  Into  which  (being  the 
maineil  piece)  I  cannot  enter  withouc 

a 


2^6         The  Elements 


a  fewgenerall  Precautions,  as  1  have 
done  in  otlier  Parts. 

Firfl:  therefore,  Let  no  man  that  in- 
tcndeth  to  build,  fettle  his  Fancy  upon 
a  drauglit  of  the  ^K^/'/^f  in  fupcr^  how 
exactly  foever  meafured,  or  neatly  fee 
otf  in /Jf '■//?( ff/i^r  ;  And  mudi  lefs  up- 
on a  bate  Pl.mt  thereof,  as  they  call 
the  Schicgrcphui  OxGround li/ics  ;  With- 
out a  A'fodell  or  Type  of  the  whole  Strn- 
[iptrcA^A  of  every  parcell  and  Partition 
in  Paftbordox  H'ood. 

Next,  that  the  faid  Model  be  as  plain 
as  may  be,  without  colours  or  other 
bcautifying,lefl:  tiie  pleafure  of  the  Eye 
preoccupate  the  Judgment  ;  which  ad- 
vife,oniittcd  by  the  ItaliaA  Architc&s, 
I  Hnd  in  Philippe  cle  i'Drmc' ;  and  there- 
fore (though  Frayicc  be  not  the  Theater 
of  bcfl  Buildings)  It  did  merit  fome 
mention  of  his  name. 

Laftly,  rhe  bigger  that  this  T)pehe, 
it  is  Hill  the  better,  not  that  I  will  per- 
fwadea  man  to  fuch  an  enormity,  as 
that  A'feddl  made  by  Am  onto  Labaco,oi 
Saint  Peters  Church  in  Rome^  contain- 
ing 22  foot  in  length,  16  in  breadth, 
and  13  in  heighth,  and  co£ling  4i84« 

crowns : 


of^nhiteHure,      257 


crowns  :  The  price,  in  trudi,  of  a  rea- 
fonable  Chappel  :  Yet  in  a  Fabrick  of 
(bine4o.or  ^o.thoafand  pounds  charge, 
Iwi{h3o.  pounds  at  leaft  laid  out  Se- 
fi>re  hand  m  an  exad  Model/ ;  for  a  lit- 
demiferyin  the  Premfes^  may  eafily 
breed  fome  abfordity  of  greater  charge, 
in  the  Conclnfton. 

Now,  ^fter  thefe  premonifhments 
I  will  come  to  the  Compartition  it  felfe, 
JBy  which,  the  Authors  of  this  Art  (as 
hath  been  touched  before)  doe  un- 
defdand,  zgracefull  and  ufefnll  diftd- 
biicion,  of  the  whole  Gronnd  plot  both 
for  roomes  of  Oj^c^,  and  oi  Receptim 
or  EntertAinment^  as  far  as  the  Capa- 
city therof,and  the  nature  ofthcCoun. 
trey  will  comport.  Which  circumftan- 
ces  in  the  prefenr  Subje<5i,  are  all  of 
main  confideration,  and  might  yeeld 
more  difcourfe  then  an  Elementall  Rap' 
fodie  will  permit.  Therefore  (to  ana- 
tomize briefly  this  Definition)  the 
Gracefulnefs  (  whereof  we  fpeake) 
will  confift  in  double  Analogies  or  cor- 
refpondencic.  Firft  between  the  Barts 
and  the  JVhoU^  whereby  a  great  Fa' 
brickS^axM.  hdMt great  Partitions ^reat 

Lights^ 


258        Tl)e  Elements 


Lights^  ^reat  Entrances,  great  Pillars 
or  PjUflers ;  In  Aim,  all  the  Members 
great.  The  next  between  the  Parts 
themfelves,  not  only  confidering  their 
Bredths^  and  Lengths^  as  before  when 
we  fpakeof  Doors  and  Windoy^s-^hyxx. 
here  Ukewife  enters  a  third  refpe(!^  of 
Height,  a  point  (I  muft  confefle)  hard- 
ly rcduceable  to  any  generall  precept. 

True  it  is,  that  the  Ancients  did 
determine  the  Longitude  of  all  Rooms^ 
which  were  longer-  then  broad,  by 
the  double  of  their  Latitude,  Vitruvins 
lih.6.cap.'y.  And  the  Height h  by  the  half 
of  the  bredth  and  length  fummed  to- 
gether. But  when  the  Room  was  pre- 
cifcly  fquare,chey  made  the  Height  half 
as  much  more  as  the  Latitude ;  which 
Dimenfions  the  modern  Architeil:s 
have  taken  leave  to  var^'  upon  difcre- 
tion  :  Somcimes  fquarmg  the  Lati- 
tude, ^ndit\\Qn  making  the  Diagoma/  or 
overthwart  Line,  from  Angle  10  Angle, 
of  the  faid  Scjuare ;  the  meafure  of  the 
Heighth  fomtimes  more,  but  feldom 
lower  then  the  full  bredth  it  felf; 
which  boldnefle  of  quitting  the  old 
Proportions.^  fome  attribute  firftto  Mi- 

chael 


of  Arch'tteShre.       1 59 

chaei  Aitgelo  da  Buonaroti,  perchance 
upon  the  credit  he  had  before  gotten 
intwo  other  Arts. 

The  fecond  Point  is  Vfefulne^e^ 
which  will  confift  in  a  fufficient  NHm- 
her  of  Rooms,  of  all  forts,  and  in  their 
apt  Colxrence.mlYiQViX.  difi'/.tSticfj^vjilh- 
out  coHfnfiott ;  fo  as  the  beholder  may 
not  Only  call  xliVna, Fahrkahen  raccol- 
ta,  as  ItatiAns  ufe  to  fpeak  of  well  uni- 
ted Worksj  but  likewlfe^  that  it  may 
appear  ciry  and  fpiyitous^  and  fit  for 
the  welcome  of  chearfull  Guefts ;  a* 
bout  which  the  principali  DifliculC'/ 
will  be  in  contriving  the  Lights^  and 
Stair-cafes ,  whereof  I  wiU  touch  a 
note  or  cwo :  For  die  firft,  I  obferve 
that  the  ancient  Archite^s  were  at 
much  eafe.  For  both  the  Greekj  and 
Rom\ws  (of  whofe  private  dwellings 
yitrnvius  hath  left  us  fom^  defcripti- 
on)  had  commonly  two  c/oiftered  open. 
Cowts,  one  ferving  for  the  Womem 
fide,  and  the  other  for  the  Men ;  who 
yet  perchance  now  adays  would  take 
fo  much  reparation  unkindly.  Howfo- 
cver,  by  this  means,  the  reception  of 
Light  into  the  Body  of  the  building, 

was 


26o        The  Elements 

was  very  prompt,  both  from  without 
and  from  within  :  whicli  wc  muftnow 
fupply  either  by  fome  open  foi^m  of 
the  Fabnck^^  or  among  gracefull  re- 
fuges, by  Tarrafing  any  Story  which  is 
in  danger  of  darkneffe ;  or  laftly,  by 
perpendicular  Lights  from  the  Roof^  of 
all  other  the  mofl:  natural!,  as  fhall  be 
(hewed  anon.  For  the  fecond  Dif- 
ficulty, whichiscaftingof  the  Stair- 
cafes  ;  That  being  in  it  felf  no  hard 
point,  but  only  as  they  are  incom- 
orances  of  room  for  other  ufe,  (which 
lights  were  not)  I  am  therefore  aptlv 
moved  here  to  fpeakof  them.  And  firft 
of  Offices. 

1  have  marked  a  willingneffe  in  the 
Italian  Artifans,  to  diflributc  the  AT/r- 
chin^  Punfrie^Bakf^oKf(\waP)ui'^  Roorm: 
and  even  the  Tiuuc^y  likewife,  under 
ground;  next  above  the  hot^ndation^^vA 
fomtimes  levell  with  the  plain  ,  or 
Floor  of  tiie  CflUr  railing  the  hift 
Afcent  into  the  houfe  Fifteen  Foot,  or 
more  for  tliat  End  ,  which  belides 
the  benefit  of  removing  fuch  Annoies 
out  of  fight,  and  the  fining  of  fo 
much  more  room  above,  doth  alio 

by 


of  JlrchiteHurp,,     26 


by  elevation  of  the  Front,  add  Majeliy 
to  the  whole  AfpeH:.  And  withfucha 
difpofition  of  the  principall  Suir-cafe, 
which  commonly  doth  deliver  us  into 
the  Plaw  of  the  fecond  Story^  there 
may  be  wonders  done  with  a  little 
room,  whereof  J  could  alledge  brave 
Examples  abroad^,  and  none  more  Ar- 
tificial! and  Delicious ,  then  a  Houfe 
built  by  Rankle  Barbara  Patriarch  of 
Aquikia^tiQit  mentioned, among  the 
memorable  Commenters  upon  Vitruvi- 
Hs,  ^ti\\c  Definition  (above determi- 
ned) doth  call  US  to  fome  confideration 
of  our  own  Country ;  where  though  all 
the  other  petty  0$ces  (before  rehear- 
fed  j  may  well  enough  be  fo  remote, 
yet  by  the  naturall  Hofpitality  of  En-r 

fland^  the  Buttery  muft  bemorevifi- 
le,  and  we  need  perchance  for  our 
Ranngesy  a  more  fpacious  and  lumi- 
nous Kit  chin  then  the  forefaid  Com- 
partition  will  bear ;  with  a  more  com- 
petent nearnefle  likewife  to  the  Di~ 
■ating  Room,  or  el(e  befides  other  Incon- 
veniences, perhaps  fome  of  the  Difhes 
•mayilrag^^  by  the  way ;  Hear  let  me 
note  a  Common  defed,  that  we  have 

of 


i6z         The  Elements 


of  a  very  ufcfiill  Roome^  called  by  the 
Italians^  I ITinello'^  and  familiar,  nay 
almoflenentiall,  in  all  their  great  Z'^- 
miiies.  It  is  a  Place  properly  appointed 
to  conferve  the  meat  chat  is  taken  from 
the  Table,  till  the /^<?;>f/-/ eat,  which 
with  us  by  an  old  fafliion ,  is  more 
unleemly  let  by  in  the  mean  while. 

Now  touching  the  diftribution  of 
Lodging  chambers  j  I  muft  here  take 
leave  to  reprove  a  faH^Jon ,  which  I 
know  not  how  ,  hath  prevailed 
through  Iralie,  though  without  an- 
cient examples,  asfarr  as  I  can  per- 
ceive by  yitruvifu.  The  thing  I  mean, 
is,  that  they  fo  cad  their  panuions^  as 
when  all  Doors  are  open,  a  man  may  fee 
through  the  whole  Ho«/<?,  which  doth 
neceiwrily  put  an  intoUerable  fervi- 
rude  upon  ail  the  Chambers  fave  the 
Inmojh  ^  where  none  can  arrive  but 
through  the  reft  ;  or  elfe  the  iValles 
mud  be  extream  thick  for  fecrec  pifTa- 
ges.  And  yec this  alfo  will  no;:fervethe 
turn ,  without  at  leafl  Three  doors 
to  every  Roome :  A  thing  mod  infuf- 
ferabie  in  cold  and  windy  Regions,and 
every  wliere  no  fmall  weakening  to 

the 


of  AnhtteElure,       z6^ 


the  whole  fVork^:  Therefore  with  us 
that  want  no  cooling,  I  cannot  com- 
niend  the  dired  opposition  of  fuch 
Overtures  ,    being    indeed    meerely 
grounded  upon  the  fond   ambition 
of  difplayingto  a  Stranger  all  our  /«r- 
ititure2XontSigh^  which  therefore  is 
moft  maintained  by  them  that  mean 
to  harbour  but  a  few;  whereby  they 
make  onely  advantage  of  the  vanity^ 
and  feldome  prove  the  Inconvinience. 
There  is-likewife  another  defecfl   fas 
abfurdities  are  feldome  folicarie)  which 
will  neceffarily  follow  upon  fuch  a  fer- 
vile  difpofmg  of  inward    Chambers; 
That  they  mu ft  be  forced  to  muke  as 
many  common  great  Kucmcs^  as  tliere 
fhall  befevevall  Stories-^yN\\\c\\  fbefides 
that  they  are  ufually  dark ,  a  point 
hardly   avoided  ,     running  as  they 
do,  through  the  middle  of  the  whole 
Hofje)  do  likcwife  devouie  fo   much 
Place,    that  thereby  they  want  other 
Galleries  ,     and   Roomes  of  Retreate^ 
which  I  have  offenconfidered  among 
them  (Imu  i  confefs)  with  no  fmall 
wonder  ;    lor  I   o-.^ferve  t\o  Nation 
in  the  World,  by  nature  l\oi:c  fi^ivate 

and 


264         Tl)e  Elements 


and  rcfcrved,  then  the  Italian  j  and  on 
the  other  C\&t^  in  no  Hahitatio?is  lefs 
privacie  ;  fo  as  there  is  a  kind  of  Con- 
flid  between  their  IhvelUyig  and  their 
^«>:^  :    It  might  here  perchance  be 
expeded,  that  1  ftiould  at  leafl:  defcribe 
(  which  others  have  done  in  draughts 
ixnd:  dejigfjcs )  divers  formes  ofP/ayns 
and  Partitions,  and  varities  o^Jftven- 
tioits^  But  fpeculative  fVritcrs  (as  I  am) 
are  not  bound  tocomprife  all  particu- 
lar Cafes  within  the  Latitude  of  the 
SuhjeH  which  they  handle  ;  General] 
Lights,   :xnd^Dire5iions,  and  pointings 
at  fome  faults,  is  fufficient.    The  reft 
muft  be  committed  to  the  fagacity  of 
the  Architen-ysho  will  be  often  put  to 
divers  ingenious  (hifts,  when  he  is  tc 
wreftle  with  fcarcity  of  Ground.    As 
^^  ,  ,.       .,    fometimes  *  to  damm 
it  umfi,nia  dm-    ?"e  Room  (though  of 
mu,  as  when  a    fpeciall  ule)  for  thebe- 
Butcery   is  caft    nefit  and  beauty  of  all 
under  3  ftayre-    the  reft;  Another  while. 
Cafe  or  the  hkc.     ^^  ^^^^  ^j^^j-^  ^^^^^^  ^ 

whiclj  are  moft  in  Sigh^  and  to  leave 
the  other  ( like  a  cunning  Painter ) 
in  ihadow ,  cum  mult  is  ^lits^  which 

it 


\^ 

of^chiteSiure      z6^ 

it  were  infinite  to  purfue.  I  will  there- 
fore clofe  this  Part  touching  Compar- 
tition ,  as  chearfully  as  I  can,  with 
a  fiiort  defcription  of  a  J-'eafiing 
or  entertaining  Room  ,  after  the  t/£- 
gy^tian  manner,  who  feem  fat  leafl: 
till  the  time  of  F/^r«z'/«ij  from  the  an- 
cient Hebrews  and  PhenicianS  (whence 
all  knowledge  did  flow)  to  have  retain- 
ed, with  other  Sciences, in  a  high  degree, 
alfo  the  Principles,  and  pra^ice  of  this 
magnificent  Art.  For  as  far  as  I  may 
conjedure  byoui  Mailers  Text,  lih.6. 
cap.')  (where  as  m  many  other  places 
he  hath  tortured  his  Interpreters')  there 
could  no  Form  for  fuch  a  Royall  life 
be  comparably  imagined  like  that  of 
the  forefaid  iV*<r/«?«,  which  Ifhall  ad- 
venture to  explain. 

Let  us  conceive  a  Floor  ot  <t>^reao£ 
goodly  length,  (for  example  at  leall 
of  110.  foot)  with  the  breadth  fom- 
what  more  then  the  half  of  the  Longi- 
tude, whereof  the  reafon  fhal  be  after- 
wards rendred.  About  the  two  longeft 
Sides  and  Head  of  the  faid  Room  fhall 
run  an  Order  oi  Pillars^  which  PalUdio 
doth  fuppofe  Corinthian,  as  I  fee  by  his 

M  de- 


266        Tl:)e  Elements- 


defign)  fupplying  that  point  ou^  of 
Greece,  becaufe  we  know  no  Order  ^io- 
pQt  to  Egypt.  The  Fourth  Side  I  will 
leave  free  for  the  Emrance:  On  the 
forefaid  TilUrs  was  laid  an  Architrave, 
which  Vitruvi^s  mentioneth  alone  ; 
PallcJio  adds  thereunto  fand  with 
reafon)  both  Frcez.  and  Cornice,  over 
which  went  up.a  continued  JVall,  and 
therein  half  or  three  quarter  Pillars  an- 
fwering  diredly  to  the  Order  below 
but  a  fourth  Part  lefTe ;  and  between 
thefe  half  Columnes  above  the  whole 
Room  was  windowed  round  about. 

Naw,  from  the  loweft  T///^/'/  there 
was  laid  over  a  Contignation  or  Floor 
born  upon  the  outward  ^f-'-^r/i',  and  the 
Hf^^of  the  Columns  with  T'^rn/ff  and 
Pavement,  Snb  Aio  (faith  our  Mafter;) 
and  fo  indeed  he  might  fafely  deter- 
mine the  matter  in  Egy^t,  where  they 
fear  no  Clouds:  Therefore P<«/W/o, 
(who  leaveth  this  Tarrace  uncovered 
in  the  middle,  2iV\^  hallifcd  about)  did 
perchance  conftrue  him  rightly ,though 
therein  difcording  from  others:  Al- 
ways we  muft  underftand.  a  fufficient 
breadth  of  Pavement  left  betv/een  the 

open 


of  ArchkeElure^        267 

Open  part  and  the  Wirtdows^  for  fonic 
delight  of  Specflatours,  that  might  look 
down  into  the  Room ;  The  Lmtudt 
Ihavefuppofed,  contrary  to  fomefor* 
met  Pofitions,  a  little  more  then  the 
half  of  the  length ;   becaufe  the  Pil- 
lars (landing  at  a  competent  diftance 
from  the  outmoft  Wdl^  will,  by  inter- 
ception of  the  Sight,  fomwhat  in  ap- 
pearance diminim  the  breadth^     In 
which  cafes,  (as  1  have  touched  once 
or  twice  before)    Difcretion  may'  be 
more  licentious  then  Art.  This  is  the 
defcription  of  an  Egyptian  room  for 
Teafts  and  other  foUitics.  About  the 
jvails  whereof  we  muH:  imagine  en- 
tire Statues  placed  below,  and  illumi- 
nated by  the  defcending  Light  from 
the  Tarrace,  as  likewife  from  the  Win- 
dows between  the  half  Pillars  above.* 
So  as  this  Room  had  abundant  and  ad** 
vantageous  Light ;   and  befides  other 
garnifhing,  mufl:  needs  receive  much 
State  by  the  very  heighthof  the/?oi)f, 
that  lay  over  tw^o  Orders  o^Columnes 
And  fo  havihg  run  through  the  four 
parts  of   my   firft  generall  T)ivifion^ 
namely,  V oundations ,,  Walls ^  Apertt' 

M   2  C«F; 


268         The  Elements 


ortf^  znd  Compartitiott ;  thcHoufem^y 
now  have  leave  to  put  on  his  Hat; 
fiaving  hitherto  been  uncovered  it 
felf,  and  confequently  unfit  to  cover 
others.  Which  point,  though  it  be  the 
lafi:  of  this  Art  in  execution,  yet  it  is 
always  in  [attention  the  firft:  For  who 
would  build  but  for  Shelter?  There- 
fore obtaining  both  the  Phce^  and  the 
dignity  of  zFinallCaufe^  it  hath  been 
diligently  handled  by  divers,  but  by 
none  more  learnedly  then  Bernardino 
Baldi  Abbot  of  Guaflalla  (before  ci- 
ted upon  other  occafion)  who  doth 
fundamentally, and  Mathematically  de- 
monftrate  the  firmed  Knittings  of  the 
upper  Timbers^  which  make  the  Roof. 
But  it  hath  been  rather  my  Scoff,  in 
ihefe  Elements^  to  fetch  the  ground  of 
all  from  Nature  her  felf,  which  indeed 
isthefimpleft  Mother  of  Art.  There- 
fore I  will  now  only  deliver  a  few  of 
the  properefi-,  and  (as  I  may  fay)  of  the 
naturalleft  confiderations  that  belong 
to  this  remaining  Piece. 

There  are  two  Extremities  to  be  a- 
voided  in  the  Cover,  or  Roof:  That 
it  be  not  too  heavy,  nor  too  light.  The 

firft 


of  AnhiteHure,       26^ 


firf}^  will  fuffer  a  vulgar  objedion  of 
preiling  too  much  -the  under-work. 
The  other  containeth  a  more  fecrec 
inconvenience  •  for  the  Cover  is  not 
only  a  bare  defence,  but  likewife  a 
kind  0? Bandog  Ligature  to  the  whole 
Fabrick^  and  therefore  would  require 
fome  reafonable  weight.  But  of  the 
two  extreams ,  a  Houfe  Top-heavy 
is  the  word-.  Next,  there  mufl  be  a 
care  of  E<^nalitj^ih^i  the  Edifice  be  not 
prefled  oa  the  one  fide  more  then  on 
the  other ;  and  here  Palladio  doth 
wiih^(like  a  cautelous  Artizan)  that 
the  inward  Walls  might  bear  fome 
good  fhare  in  the  burthen,  and  the 
outward  be  the  iefle  charged. 

Thirdly,  the  Italian  are  very  pre- 
cife  in  giving  the  Cover  a  gracefull  fen^ 
dence  of  Jlo,tp»ejfey  dividing  the  whole 
breadth  into  nine  Parts;  whereof  two 
(hall  ferve  for  the  elevation  of  the  high- 
eft  Toppe  or  Ridge  from  the  loweS. 
But  in  this  Point  the  quality  of  the  Re- 
gion is  confiderable :  For  (as  our  Fi- 
trnvius  infinuateth)  thofe  Climes  thaC 
fear  the  falling  and  lying  of  much 
Snow,  ought  to  provide  more  inclining 

M  J  Pernio 


270        T/?^  Elements 


Pcntices :   and  Comelimjfe  muft  yeild 
to"  Necejjjtj. 

Thefe  are  the  ufefuilell:  Cautions 
which  I  find  in  Amhours,  couching  the 
lad  Head  of  our  Divifion  ,  where- 
with I  will  conclude  the  firft  Part  of 
my  prefent  Travel.  The  fecond  re- 
maineth  concerning  Ornaments  with- 
in, or  without  the  Fahrkk  :  A  Piece 
not  fo  dry  as  the  meer  Contemplati- 
on of  Proportions.  And  therefore  I 
hope  therein  fomwhat  to  refrefti  both 
the  Readtr,  and  my  klf^ 


OF 


271 

mmmmmmmmmmm) 

OF 

The   elements 

OF 

ARCHITECTURE. 


T'he  Second  Tan. 


iMiisF?,'^  ?  Mans  propej 
4^  p  ^#  -^^^r^^  Houfe  and 
►jS    -^    ?§|.  '^'!''»^,  being  the  Thea-' 

^^<p^^  iheSeate  o(  Se/f-fmiL 
«»y  the  Comfortahlefi  part  of  his  owrt 
X/ff,  thenobleft  of  his  Sons  I/theri- 
tance^  a  kind  of  private  Princedome ; 
Nay,  to  the  Po/f/or/ thereof,  an  £- 
fitomie  of  the  whole  ;F(?r/^ ;  may  well 

deferve 


272         The  Elements 

deferve  by   thcfe  Attrihntcs^   accor- 
ding to  the  degree  of  the  CMafler,  to 
be  decently  and  deligbtfHllj/  adorned. 
For  which  end,  there  are  two  ^rts 
attending  on  ArchiteHnre  ^    like  two 
of  herprincipallCf^f/fB'C'Wf)?,  to  drefs 
and  trimme  their  CMijirefs  ;   P  I  c- 
T  u  R  E  ind  Sculpture  :  Between 
whom,  before  I  proceed  any  further,  I 
will  venture  to  determine  an  ancient 
quarrell  about  their  Precedence,  with 
this  DiflinElion ;  that  in  the  garnifliing 
ofF^hricki ,  Sct^lpture  no  doubt  muft 
hciVQ  the  prehemlfieiice^  as  being  indeed 
of  neerer affinity  to  Arclo'neBHreit  k\?, 
and  confequently  the  more   naturall, 
and  more  {\xt2\y\e  Ornament.  But  on  the 
other  fide,  (to  confider  thefe  two  Arts 
as  I  ihall  do  Philo(ofhKall)\  and  not 
CMIechanicallj)  An  excellent  Piece  of 
""Puintitjg^xs,  to  my  judgment,  the  mor 
admirable  OhjtB ,    becaufe  it  come 
neer  an  Artificia/l  Mi/'acie,to  make  di- 
verfe  diftind   Eminences  appear  up- 
on a  FLit  by  force  of  Shadowes  ,  and 
yet  the  Shadowes  themfelves  not  to  ap- 
pear :  which  I  conceive  to  be  the  ut- 
Lermoft  value  and  vertue  of  a  TainteK 

ana 


of  ArchiteSlure.      zj^ 


and  CO  which  very  few  have  arrived  in 
all  Aget, 

In  theft  two  Arts  (zs  they  are  appli- 
able  to  the  Subjeii  which  I  handle)  it 
(ball  be  fit  firft  to  confider  how  to 
(hoofe  them  j  and  next  how  to  dijpofe 
them.  To  guide  us  in  the  choyce^  wa 
have  a  Rule  fomwhere  (I  well  remem- 
ber) in  Pliny,  and  it  is  a  pretty  obfer- 
vation;  That  they  do  mutually  help 
to  cenfure  one  another.  For  PiBure 
)s  beil  when  it  (landeth  off,  as  if  it 
were  carved  ;  and  Scstlptun  is  beil 
when  it  appeareth  (6  tender^  as  if  it 
were  fainted  :  Imean,  when  there  is 
fuch  a  feeming  foftnefs  in  the  Limbes^ 
zs  if  not  a  Chiffell  had  hewed  them  out 
o(Sto»£/)r  other  JldateriaJl^  but  a  Pen- 
fi^hdid  drawn  and  flroaked  them  in 
O;/;  whicli  the  judicious  Poet  took  wel 
to  his  Fancy. 

Excudenr  aIU  fpirantia  Mollitu  ay  a. 
But  this  generality  is  notfufficient 
to  make  a  good  chooser  ,without  a  more 
particular  contraAion  of  his  Judge- 
ment. Therefore  when  a  Piece  of 
An  islet  before  us,letthe  firfl  Caution 
be,  not  to.  ask  who  madeic,  leaft  the 
M  5  l£.ame^ 


TTjAf         TheElemtnts 

Fame  of  the  Author  doe  Captivate  the 
T ancle  of  the  Buyer.  For,that  excellent 
men  doe  alwaies  excellently.,  is  a  falfe 
Gonclufion;  wherupon  I  obferve  a- 
rrong  Italian  Artizans  three  notable 
Vhrafes^  which  well  decipher  the  de- 
grees of  their  iVorki. 

They  will  tel  you,  that  a  thing  was 
done  Con  diligenz,a,(^onfiudio^  and  Con 
Amore  ;  The  firfl:  is  but  a  bare  and  or- 
dinary diligence.  The  fecond  is  a  learned 
diligence-,  The  third  is  much  more,  e- 
ven  a  loving  diligence  :  They  mean  not 
with  love  to  the  Dejpeaker  of  the  VVorke^ 
Sut  with  a  love  and  delight  in  the 
.Vorke  it  felfe,  upon  fome  fpeciall 
Fancy  to  this,  or  that  Story ;  And 
when  all  chefe  concurre  (particularly 
thelaft)  m  2,n  eminent  A f:t hour .^  Then 
^trohd^ncQTitiamufecityOi  h (p\Siai\yroin 
will  ferve  the  turn,  v/idiout  farther  In- 
cjuifition  j^Otherwife  Artizans  have  not 
only  their  Growths  and  PerfcSiions^  but 
likewife  their  Plains  and  Times. 

The  next  Caution  mud  be  (to  pro- 
ceed Z-o^/r^/Zj)  that  in  judging  of  the 
iF'ork^  it  felf,  we  be  not  diflraded 
with  too  many  things  ac  once  jThere- 

fpre 


of  ArchkeEiure,       275 

fore  firft  (to  beginne  with  TiSiure .) 
we  are  to  obferve  whether  it  be  well 
drawn,  for  as  more  elegant  Artisans 
term  it)  vjqW  Defgn'd  '^  Then,  whe- 
ther it  be  well  Colound^  which  be  the 
two  general!  Heads ;  And  each  of  them 
hath  two  principall  Requtfttei ;  For  in 
well  Defigning^  there  muft  be  Truth 
and  Cjrace-j  In  well  ColoHring,Force  and 
AfeBioK;  All  other  Trat/es  are  but 
Confequences  of  thefe. 

Truth  (as  we  Metaphorically  take 
it  in  this  Art)  is  a  f^fi  and  Natural  P re- 
port ion  in  every  Part  of  the  determined 
Figure.  Gr^ce  is  a  certain /rff  Difpof- 
tion  in  the  whole  Draught,  anfwerable 
to  that  unaffeded  Franknefle  of  F({JJn. 
on  in  a  living  Body.^  Man  or  Woman, 
which  doth  animate  Beauty  where  it  is, 
and  fupply  it,  where  it  is  not, 

Force  confifteth  in  the  Roundlngs  and 
Raifings  of  the/f  or/^,  according  as  the 
Limbs  do  more  or  leHe  require  it ;  So 
as  the  Beholder  (hall  fpie  no  jharpnejfe 
in  the  bordering  Lines ;  As  when  Tay- 
lors cut  out  a  Sute,  which  Italians  io- 
aptly  term  according  to  that  compa- 
rifon,  Contorni  taglienti-y  Not  any  j?^?- 

nej[c 


276        The  Elements 

ncffe  within  the  Bodie  of  the  Figure^ 
which  how  it  is  done ,  we  mufl:  fetch 
from  a  higher  Difcipline ;  For  the  Of- 
tickj  teach  us.  That  'AflainemWdi'^' 
^tditfromimm,  and  fas  it  were)  embof- 
fcd^  if  tfifi  Parts  farthefl:  from  the  Axel- 
tree  fix  middle  ^f^w^of  the^j^jdiall  be 
the  mofl:  fliadowed;  Becaufe  in  all 
Dark^ejfe,  there  is  a  kind  of  Deepmjfe. 
But  as  in  the  Art  offerfwafion ,  one  of 
the  mod  Fundamentall  Precepts  is  the 
Concealment  of  Art ;  So  here  likewife, 
the  Sight  muft  be  fweetiy  deceived  by 
an  infenfible  paffage  ,  from  brighter  co- 
lours to  dimmer ^\Nhkh  Italian  Arti- 
z,ans  call  the  middle  TinSiures^  That  is. 
Not  as  the  Wj/Vf  J"  and  jolkes  o(Egs  lie 
in  the  Shel,mth  vifible  diftindion'^  But 
as  when  they  ite beaten^  and  blended'm 
a  Dijb^  which  is  the  neareft  com- 
parifon  that  I  can  fuddenly  con- 
ceive. 

Laftly ,  ^ffeBion  is  the  Lively  Re- 
frefentment  of  any  faffton  whatfoever,as 
if  the  Figures  ftood  not  upon  a  Cloth 
or  BMrd,\)\xt  as  if  they  were  an:i?ig  \x^- 
onzStage-,  And  here  I  muft  remember^ 
m.  truth  with  much  marvell,  a  note 

wliich. 


of  ArchtteHure*      277 

which  I  have  received  from  excellent 
tydrtiz^ns,  that  though  GladnefTe  and 
Grief  be  oppojites  in  Nature ;  yet  they 
are  fuch  Neighbours  and  Conjiyiers  in 
Art,  that  the  leaft  touch  of  ^Penfill 
will  tranflate  z  crying,  into  a  laughing 
Face  i  as  it  is  reprefented  by  Homer  in 
the  perfon  of  HeElors  wife;  as  Painters 
and  Poets  have  always  had  a  kind  of 
congeniality, 

I  A  I  A  A.   ^. 

TLaiif  ih,  «<^'  A^y.h  KtiaJ^u  d'i^etjo  x6at^ 
ActxjvHi'  yi?J.a'A(TA-  •     That  is. 

She  took^herfon  into  her  arms ^  rveep- 
ingly  Unghing. 

Which  Inftance,befides  divers  other, 
doth  often  reduce  unto  my 'memory 
that  ingenuous  Speculation  of  the  Car- 
dinal CftfanHs ,  extant  in  his  Works, 
touching  the  coincidence  of  Extremes. 
And  thus  much  of  the  four  Requifites, 
and  PerfeEtions  in  PiH-ure. 
In  Sculpt  fire  nkewife,theTwo  firll  are 
abfolutly  neceflary  ;  The  third  im- 
pertinentj  For  Solid  Figures  need  no 

elevati-* 


2yS        The  Elements 


elevation,  by  force  of  Lights  ^  ot /ba- 
dowes ;  Therefore  in  the  Room  of  this, 
we  rnay  put  (as  hath  been  before 
touched)  a  kind  oiTender-neffe^  by  the 
Italians  tGvmed  Morl;idez,z,a^  wherein 
the  Chize//^  I  muft  confefle,  hath  more 
glory  then  the  Pe^j/i/ ;  that  being  fo 
hard  d^nlyifvrnment^  and  working  upon 
fo  unpliant  fluffe,  can  yet  leave  Strokes 
of  fo  gentle  appearance. 

The  Fourth,  which  is  theexpreffing 
ot  e^fefhcn  (as  farrc  as  it  doth  depend 
upon  the  <^iilvitj  znd  Geliure  of  the 
figure)  is  as  proper  to  the  Carver, ^sto 
the  Painter-^  though  {^v/onrs,  no  doubt, 
have  therein  the  greatefl  power^where- 
upon ,  perchance  ,  did  firft  grow  with 
us  the  Fajhion  ofcoloHring,t\^i\  Kigali 
Statues^  jvhich  I  mull  take  leave  to  call 
an  English  Barbarifme. 

Now  in  thefe  four  Recjuijites  already 
rehearfed,  it  is  flrange  to  note,that  no 
j4rttz.anj  having  ever  been  blamed  for 
excelfe  m  any  of  the  three  laft ;  only 
Truth  (which  ftiould  feem  the  moft 
Innocent )  hath  fuffered  fome  Objedi- 
on;  and  all  ayiges  have  yeelded  fome 
one  or  two  Artificers  fo  prodigioufly 

ex- 


of  AtchiteEiure.      279 


es:qui(ice,  that  rhijy  have  bten  reputed 
too  Naturall  in  theif  Dranghts;  which 
will  well  appear  by  a  famous  paflage 
in  QuifinihaXjtoMching  tht  Chara^ers 
of  the  ancient  zAniz^ans^  falling  now 
fo aptly  intomy  memory  ,  that  I  mull 
aads  tranflace  it,  as  in.  truth  it  may 
■well  deferve. 

The  place  which  I  intend  ,  is  extant 
in  the  laft  Chapter  fave  one  of  his 
whole  fVorkf ,  beginning  thus  in 
Latine; 

Trimt,  efuorum  quidem  of  era  mn  ve^ 
pHfiatis  tnodo  gratia  vifenda  ftifft  c/ari 
PiBorex^fuLffe  dicumur  PolygnotuS*ir- 
qu€  Aglaophon,Cirr. 

The  whole  Pajfuge  InJEngliJh 
ftandethlhus. 

THE  firft  Painter f  of  Name, 
whofe  tForket  be  confiderable 
for  afly  thiz^  more  then  only  Am- 
tufuitj ,  are  faid  £0  have  been  Pcljg'-- 
mtus  and  Agia^pbon  ;  whofe  bare  Co^ 
lettring  (he  meaos  I  thiflk  in  jv/ifV^  and 
UaciO  hach  eV€Q  yet  fo  many  follower?, 
that  tfaoie rudeand firft Elements^ as  it 

were 


zSo        The  Elements 

were  of  chat,  which  within  a  while, 
became  an  Art,  are  preferred  before 
the  greateft  Painters  that  have  been 
extant  after  them ,  out  of  a  certain 
Competition  (as  I  conceive  it)  in  point 
of  jHdgeme:yit.  After  thefe,  Zeuxes  and 
ParafiHs  not  far  diftant  in  age,  both  a- 
bout  the  time  of  the  Pelofonaeftan  W^r^ 
(for  in  Xenofhon  we  have  a  Dialogue 
between  P^trafitts  and  Socrates)  did 
add  much  to  this  Art.  Of  which 
the  firfl  is  faid  to  have  invented  the 
due  difpofition  of  Lights  and  Shadows'^ 
Thefecond,  to  have  more  fubtilly  ex- 
amined, the  Trmh  of  Lines  in  the 
Draught ;  for  Zeuxes  did  make  Limh 
bigger  then  the  life,  deeming  his 
iFignres^  thereby  the  more  ftately  and 
Majeftical;  and  therein(asfome  think) 
imitating  Hower^  whom  the  flouteft 
Form  doth  pleafe,  even  in  fVomen.  On 
the  other  fide,  Parafitu  did  exadly  li- 
mit all  the  Proportions  ro,as  they  cal  him 
the  Lavp'giver^  becaufe  in  the  Images  of 
the  Gods^  and  ofHerolcal  Perfonages^o» 
thers  have  followed  his  Patterns  like  z 
decree-.  But  PiElnre^A  moflflourifti 
about  the  days  of  Phili^y  and  even  to 

the 


of JrchkeBure.     28 1 

the  Succdfours  of  Alexander  j  yet  by 
fundry  Hahilities'^^ov  Proto£enef  did  ex- 
ccll  in  Dillnnce ;  Pam^hiltts  and  Me- 
lamhiM  in  due  Proportiort;  Amiphi/us  in 
a  frankfacility  ;  T^fw  of i'^w^J/jin 
fhamhoi  Fantafie  and  conceiving  of 
Pajponsi  Afeller^  in  Invention  and 
^<«-^,  whereof  he  doth  himfelf  moft 
▼aunt ;  Euphramr  deferves  admirati- 
on, that  being  in  other  excellent  iJr/^ 
Ses  a  principall  Man,  he  was  likewife 
a  wondrous  Artizan,  both  in  Painting 
and  Sculpture.  The  like  difference  we 
mayobferve  among  ih^  Statuaries ;  for 
the  works  of  C^lon  and  Egejias  were 
fomwhac  fiiffe^  like  the  Tujcan  Man- 
ner ;  Thofe  of  C^lamis  not  done  with 
fo  cold  ftroaks ;  And  Myron  more  ten- 
der then  the  former  j  a  diligent  Decency 
in  Polycletus  above  others ;  to  whom 
though  the  higheft  prayfe  be  attribu- 
ted by  the  moft,  yet  left  he  fhould  go 
free  from  exception,  fome  think  he 
wanted  fohrme^e ;  for  as  he  may  per- 
chance he  fatd  to  have  added  a  comely 
T>imenfion  to  humane  (hape,  fomwhat 
above  the  truth  ;  fo  on  the  other  fide, 
he  feemed  not  to  have  fullv  cxprefled 

the 


28z         T})e  Elements 

the  Majefij  of  the  gods :  Moreover, 
he  is  faid  not  to  have  medled  wil- 
lingly with  ih^  graver  age ^  as  not  ad- 
venturing beyond  fmcoth  cheekj :  But 
thefe  vertues  that  were  wanting  in  7<?- 
liclevHs,  were  fupplied  by  Phidias  and 
Alcmenes  ;  yet  Phidias  was  a  better  Ar- 
tizanin  the  reprefenting  o^Gods,  then 
of  Men ;  and  in  his  works  of  Ivory ^ 
beyond  all  emulation,  even  though  he 
had  left  nothing  behind  him  but  his 
<JMinerva^i  Athens^  or  the  Olympian 
7upiter  m E /is ^vfhoCG Beauty  feems  to 
nave  added  fomwhat,  even  to  the  re- 
ceived Religion  ;  the  Majefiy  of  the 
IVork^,  as  it  were,  equalling  the  Z>f/>;'. 
To  Truth,  they  affirm  Lyfippas  and 
Praxiteles^  to  have  made  the  neareft 
approach  :  for  Demetrim  is  therein  re- 
prehended, as  rather  exceeding  then 
deficient ;  having  been  a  greater  aimer 
at  Likenejfe,  then  at  Love/i/ie(fe. 

This  is  that  witty  Cenfure  of  the 
ancient  Artizans  which  QjiintilUan 
hath  left  us,  where  the  laft  Chara^er 
of  Demetrius  doth  require  a  little  Phi- 
lofophical  Examination ;  How  an  Arti- 
ficer yjh.ok  end  is  the  Imitation  of  Na- 

tnre^ 


of  ArchtteBure.       285 

tirre,  can  be  too  naturail ;  which  like- 
wife  in  our  days  was  either  the  fault, 
or  (to  fpeak  more  gently)  the  too 
much  perfedionof-^/i^(rrrZ>/^rfr,  and 
perhaps  alfo  of  Michael  Angelo  da  'Buo- 
naroti,  between  whom  I  have  heard 
noted  by  an  ingenuous  Artizan  a  pre- 
ty  nice  difference,  that  thcGerman  did 
too  much  expreffe  that  which  was ;  and 
the  Italian.that  ^hich  Jhouid  be :  Which 
fevere.  Obfervation  o^  Nature,  by  the 
one  in  her  c6?rmo»efi,  and  by  the  other 
in  her  aiffolfttefi  Forms,  mufl:  needs 
produce  in  both  a  kind  of  Rigidity^ 
and  confequentty  more  Natura/fiejfe 
ihen  Gracefptlneffe :  This  is  the  clea- 
Tcft  reafofl,  why  fome  exad  SymrnS' 
trifts  have  been  blamed  for  being  too 
true,  as  near  as  1  can  deliver  my  con- 
ceit. And  fo  much  couching  the  choice 
of  Figure  and  Scttlptttre :  The  next  is, 
the  application  of  both  to  the  beanti- 
fjing  of  Tabricks. 

Firfi:  therefore,  touching  Pi^ftre^ 
there  doth  occurre  a  very  pertinent 
doubt,  which  hath  been  pafted  over 
too  (lightly,  not  only  by  fome  Men, 
butbyfomeiV4f;V»/;  namely,  whether 

this 


284        The  Elements 


this  Ornament  can  well  become  the  Out- 
fide  oi'houfes^  wherein  the  Germans  have 
made  fo  little  fcruple ,  tiiattheir  beft 
Towns  are  the  mofl;  painted, as  Augufia 
and  Norcmhergh.  To  determine  this 
queftion  in  a  word  It  is  true ,  that  a 
Story  well  fet  out  with  a  good  Uaniiy 
will  every  where  take  a  'judicious  eye: 
But  yet  withall  it  is  as  true,  that  various 
colours  on  the  Oat -tva/lcso(  Buildings 
have  alwayes  in  them  more  Deiignt 
then  Dignit^r;  Therefore  I  would  there 
admit  no  Taintings  but  in  Blacky  and 
white  ^  nor  even  in  thatkinde  anyF»- 
gures  (iftheroome  be  capable)  under 
Nine  or  Ten  foot  high  ,  which  will  re- 
quire no  ordinary  Jrtiz,aM;  becaufe  the 
faults  are  more  vifible  then  in  fmall 
Defignes.  In  unfigmed  paintings  the  no- 
bleft  is  the  imitation  of  ^^r^/f/,  and 
oi  Archite^ure  it  k\?^^%  Arches pTree^s,^ 
Columnes^  and  the  like. 

Now  for  the  Jnjide ,  here  growcs 
another  doubt ,  wherein  Grotejca  (  » 
the  Italians)  or  Anti<jiftevjork  (a$we 
call  it)  (hould  be  received,  againft  the 
cxprefle  authority  of  Vitrnviw  him- 
ielf,  iHf.-j'Cap.^.  viherePiSiffr-^Ckith 

he) 


of  ^rchkeBure,     285 


he)  fte'iHi,  c[f{odeJi;feHpotefieJfe-^t3ir 
eluding  by  this  fevere  definition,  all 
Figures  compofed  of  different  Natures 
or  Sexes ;  fo  as  a  Sjrene  or  a  Centtunre 
had  been  intolerable  in  his  eye :  But 
in  this  we  muft  take  leave  to  depart 
from  our  Mafter;and  the  rather.becaufe 
he  (pake  out  of  his  own  Profeflfion ,  al- 
lowing Painters  (who  have  ever  been  as 
Kttle  limited  as  Poets)  a  lefle  fcope  in 
their  imaginations ,  even  then  the  gra- 
ved Phi/o/opbers ,  who  fomctimes  do 
ftrve  themfelves  of  Infiances  that  have 
no-  Exi(ienve  in  Natttre ;  as  we  fee  in 
Plato's  Amfhisboena^^Arifldtles  BirCdm 
Cervfts.  And  (to  fettle  this  point)  what 
was  indeed  more  common  and  fami- 
llat  among  the  Romanes  themfelvw, 
then  the  PiSiure  zndStatue  ofTermiftHf . 
even  one  of  their  Deities  ?  which  yet  if 
we  well  confider,  is  but  a  piece  of  gyo- 
tefca ;  I  am  for  thele  reafons  unwilling 
to  impoverifh  that  Art,thongh  T  could 
Wifh  fuch  medlie  and  motiie  Defignes 
confined  only  to  the  Ornament  of 
Freet^er^  and  Borders,  their  propereft 
ptace.  As  for  other  Storied  tvoi^e'i 
Ti^rm  Pf^afles^  I  doubt  our  cUm  be 

too 


2  86         1^)6  Elements 

too  ycclding  and  moifl:  for  (nchGar- 
nijh  yicnt  •  therefore  leaving  it  to  the 
Dwellers  difcretion  according  to  the 
quality  of  his  Seat,  I  will  only  add  a 
Caution  or  two  about  the  difpofingof 
ViBurcs  within. 

Firfl,  That  no  Room  be  furnifhed 
with  too  many ;  which,  in  truth,  were 
a  Surfet  of  Omantent,  unlefTe  they  be 
Galleries,  or  fomc  peculiar  Repofitory 
for  Rarities  of  Art. 

Next,  That  the  bcfl:  Pieces  Se  placed 
not  where  there  are  the  leafi,  but  where 
there  are  the  fewefi  lights  :  therfore 
not  only  Rooms  windowed  on  both 
Qnd^^  which  we  call  through-lighted ; 
but  with  two  or  moe  windows  on  the 
fame  fide,  are  enemies  to  this  Art :  and 
fure  it  is,  that  no  Painting  can  be  feen 
in  full  perfeiflion,  but  (as  all  Nature  is 
illuminated  jby  ^fmgle  Light. 

Thirdly,  That  in  the  placing  there  be 
fome  care  alfo  taken  how  the  Paiftter 
did  (land  in*  the  w^or'kjng^  which  an  in- 
telligent Eje  will  eafily  difcover ;  and 
that  poftare  is  the  mofl:  natural :  fo  as 
Italian  Pieces  will  appear  bed  in  a 
Room  where  the  Windows  are  high, 

becaufc 


ofArcb'tteSture,       2  S7 


becaufe  they  are  commonly  made  to  a 
defcending  Light,  which  of  ali  other 
doth  fet  off  mens  Faces  in  their  trueft 
fpirit. 

Laftly,  That  they  be  as  properly  be- 
ftowed  for  their  quality ^^s  fitly  for  their 
grace :  that  is,  chearefuU  Paintings  in 
Feafiing  and  Banquetting  Rooms,  Gr^ 
ver  Stories  in  Galleries ;  Land-skips  and 
Bofcage^  and  fuch  ivilde  works,in  open 
Tarraccs^  or  in  Summer  houfes  (dAv^z 
call  them)  and  the  like. 

And  thus  much  oiPiH^re,  which 
let  me  clofe  with  this  Note  ;  that 
though  my  former  Difcourfe  may  ferve 
perchance  for  fome  reafonable  leading 
in  the  choice  of  fuch  delights ;  yet  let 
no  man  hope  by  fuch  a  Jpeculative  eru- 
dition, to  difcern  the  MaBerlj  and  mj- 
fieri oti^  touches  of  y4n^  but  an  Artizan 
himfelf;  to  whom  therfore  we  muft 
leave  the  prerogative  to  cenfure  the 
manner  &  handling,  as  he  himfelf  mull 
likewife  Jeavefome  points,  perchance 
of  no  leffe  value,  to  others ;  as  for  ex- 
ample, whether  the  Storj  be  rightly  r<?- 
pre/emed,  the  Figures  m  true  aflion,  the 
Perfons  futed  to  their  feveral  qualities, 

the 


288        The  Elements 

the  affeEiions  proper  and  firong^  and 
fuch  like  Obfetvations. 

Now  for  Sculpture,  I  muft  likewife 
begin  with  a  Controverfie,  as  before 
(falling  into  this  Placej)  or  let  me  ra- 
ther call  it  a  very  meer  Fancy  ftrange- 
ly  taken  by  PalUdio,  who  having  no- 
ted in  an  old  Arch  or  two  at  Verona^ 
fome  part  of  the  Materials  already  cut 
in   fine  Forms ^  and  fome  ftnpolijhed , 
doth  conclude  (  according  to  his  Lg- 
gickj   upon  this  particular,  that  the 
Ancients  did  leave  the  outward  Face 
of  their  Marbles  or  Free-fione  without 
any  Sculpture^  till  they  were  laid  and 
cemented  in  the  Body  of  the  Building; 
For  which  likewife  he  findeth  a  rea- 
fon  (as  many  do  now  and  then  very 
wittily,  even  before  the  thing  it  felf  be 
true)   that  the    Materials   being  left 
rough  were  more  managable  in  the/l/<«- 
fons  hand,  then  if  they  had  beenfmooth; 
And  that  fo  the  ftdes  might  be  laid 
together  the  more  exadly;   Which 
Conceit,   once  taken,    he  feems  to 
have  further  imprinted  ,   by  marking 
in  certain  Storied  Sculptures  of  old 
time,  how  precifely  the  Parts  and  Lines 

of 


of  jitchiteBure      a  8^ 


oi^t  Figures  that  pafs  from  one  Stone 
to  another,  do  meet;  which  he  thinks 
could  hardly  fall  out  fo  right,  (for- 
getting while  he  fpeakes  oi  Anchnt 
things,  the  ancient  Diligence)  unlefs 
they  had  been  cut  after  the  joymng 
of  the  Materials.  But  a  11  thefe  Induce' 
mmts  cannot  countervailefhe  fole/«- 
convenience  oijhaking  and  Disjoynting 
theCommjfuresmthio  many  Strokes 
of  the  Ckzell,  befides  an  Incommodiopu 
Working  on  Scaffolds -,  efpecially  ha- 
ving no  teftimony  to  confirme  it^ 
that  I  have  yet  feen , among  the  records 
oiArt:  Nay,  it  is  indeed  rather  true, 
tlwt  they  d^^fqHare,  and  carve,  and 
folifh  thtix  Stone  and  C^^r^^f  Works, 
even  in  the  very  Cave  of  the  Qj^arry^ 
before  it  was  hardened  by,  open  Aire  : 
But  (to  leave  difputation)  I  will  fee 
down  a  few  Pofttive  notes  for  the 
placing  of  Sculpture  ;  becaufe  the  chu* 
ling  hath  been  handled  before 

Thattirftof  all,  it  be  not  coo  ge--^ 
nerall  and  a^tindant, which  would  make 
a  Houfe  look  like  a  Cahinet:  and  in  this 
point,  morAl  Philofophy,  which  tempe- 
iQlh  Fancies^  is  the  Superintendent  or 
An  N  That 


apo        The  Elements 


That  efpecially,  there  be  a  due  mo- 
deration  of  this  Ofmmtm  in  the  hi  ft 
approach;  whereour  Authors  do  more 
commend  (I mean  about  the  Princi- 
pal! Entrance)  a  Doriijfte,  then  a  Ca» 
riyithian  garnifhment  ;  So  as  if  the 
great  Doore    be    Arched  with    (bme 
Brave  Head^  cut  in  fine  Stone  or  J^^r- 
^/f  forthe /Cfjofthe  Arch^  and  two 
Incumbent  Figures  gracefully  leaning 
upon  it   towards  one  another,    as  ^ 
they  meant  to  conferr  ,   I    (hould 
thinke  this  a  fufficient  Entertainment 
for  the  firft  Reception  of  any  judlciottj 
Sight,  which  I  could  wilh  iecondcd 
with  two  great  (landing  Statues  on  each 
fide  of  a  paved  way  that  {11311  lead  up 
into  the  Fahrkk.^  fo  as  the  Beholder 
at  the  firft  entrance  may  palfe  his  Eye 
between  them. 

That  the  Nices,  if  they  contiain  Ft- 
gures  o^  white  Stone  or  Marble,  be  not 
coloured  in  their  Qoncavky  too  black^^ 
For  though  (^ontraria  juxta  fe  pojita 
magi^  illHcefcmt  (by  an  old  Rule) ;  yet 
it  hath  been  fubtilly,  and  indeed  truly 
iioted,that  our  Stght'is  not  well  conten- 
ted with  tlwfe  fuddea  departments 

from 


ofjnhiteSlare.        291 


fiom  oncextream  to  another;  Therfore 
let  them  have  rather  a  D«/^7STin(5hire, 
then  an  abfolutc  l^Uck: 

Th9Zfim  and  delicate  Sculptures  he 
helped  with  Neef-wfs  ,  and  Grofs 
VJitixdifianci  ;  which  was  well  feen  in 
die  old  controverfie  between  Phi- 
Mof  and  Alcmenes ihoutthe  Statue d^ 
Venus  :  wherein  the Hrft  did  (hew  dif- 
credon,  and  fave  labour,  becaufe  the 
Works  was  to  be  veiwed  at  good 
Height,  which  did  drown  the  fweet 
and  diligent  ftrokes  of  his  Adverfaryi 
A  famous  emulation  of  two  principall 
ArtUans^  <:elebrated  even  by  the  Gretk 
Poets. 

That  in  the  placing  of  ftanding  Fi' 
gures  aloft,  we  muft  fet  them  in  a  Fo- 
ytcre  fomwhat  bowing  forward  ;  be- 
caufe (faith  our  Mafter,  lih.%.c<tf.T^.  out 
of  a  better  Art  then  his  own)  .the  z'^ 
/iwZf  beam  of  our  eye,  extended  to  the 
Head  of  the  faid  Figures,  being  longer 
then  to  the  Voote,  muil  neceHaniy, 
make  that  farr  appear  farther ;  fo  as 
to  reduce  it  to  an  ered  or  upright  fo~ 
fitio»,  there  mud  be  allowed  a  due  ad- 
vantj^ge  offioo^ing  towards  us  which 
N  z  Albert 


2^z        The  Elements 

Albert  1)nrer  hath  exadly  taught  in 
his  fore-mentioned  Geometry.  Our 
VitrHvtHs  calleth  this  affedion  in  the 
£ye^  a  refufination  of  the  Figure :  For 
which  word  (being  in  truth  his  own, 
for  ought  I  know)  we  are  almoft  as 
much  beholding  to  him,  as  for  the 
Obfervation  it  felf :  And  let  thus 
much  fummarily  fuffice  touching  the 
choice  and  ufe  of  thefe  adorning  Arts. 
For  to  fpeak  of  garnifhing  the  Fa.* 
^nVi^with  a  Kovp  of  ere<fl:ed  Statues  a 
bout  the  Cornice  of  every  Contignation 
or  Story,  were  difcourfe  mofe  proper 
for  Athens  or  Rome^  in  the  time  of  their 
true  greatneife,  when  (as  Plinie  recor- 
detli  of  his  own  Age)  there  were  near 
as  many  carved  Images^  as  Hving  Men ; 
like  a  noble  contention,  even  in  point 
of  Fertility^  between  Art  and  Nature^ 
which  pafTage  doth  not  only  argue 
an  infinite  aoundance,  both^  of  Arti- 
z.ans  and  Materials ;  but  likewile  of 
Magnificent  and  Majefiicall  Defires  in 
every  common  perfon  of  ^hofe  times , 
more  or  lefTe,  according  to  chetr  For- 
tunes. And  true  it  is  indeed,  that  the 
Marble  Aionuwents  &  Memmes  cfviel 

de. 


of  AnhtteSlure.       29^ 

deferving  Men,  wherewith  the  very 
high  ways  were  fireived  on  each  fide, 
was  not  a  bare  and  tranficory  Enter- 
tainment of  the  £je,  or  only  a  gentle 
deception  of  Time  to  the  Traveller : 
But  had  alfo  a  fecret  and  flrong  Jftfiu- 
ence^  even  into  the  advancement  of  the 
Ulfonarchy,  by  continuall  reprefenta- 
tion  of  vertuous  Examples ;  fo  as  in 
that  point,  ART  became  a  piece  of 
State. 

Now,  as  I  have  before  fubordinated 
PiEiure  znd  Scfilpture  to  Archite^ure, 
as  their  Miftreffe  J  fo  there  are  certain 
inferiour  Arts  likewife  fubordinate 
to  them ;  As  under  Pidure,  Mofaique ; 
under  Sculpture,P/<«/?/^/^f ;  which  two 
I  only  nominate,  as  the  fitteft  to  gar- 
nifh  Pabricks. 

Mofaiejue  is  a  kind  of  Painting  in 
fmall  Pebbles^  Cockles  and  Shels  of  fun- 
dry  colours ;  and  of  late  days  likewife 
with  pieces  of  Gla^e  figured  at  plea- 
fure ;  an  Omamem^  in  t  ruth,  of  much 
beauty,  and  long  life^  but  of  moft  ufe- 
in  paveme»ts  znA floorings. 

Plaft-i(jHe  is  not  only  under  Sculp" 
pure,  but  indeed  vQty  Sculpture  itfelf/ 

N  3  'but 


25>4        '^1^^  Elements 


but  with  this  difference ;  that  the 
P/afierer  doth  make  his  Figures  by  y^eU 
ditivn^  and  the  (^^rver  by  Sn^firaBiopr; 
wherupon  Michael  A^igelo  was  wont  to 
fay  fomwhat  pleafantly.  That  Scuh- 
ture  was  nothing  but  Si purgation  of/u" 
ferfluities.  For  take  away  frotn  a  piece 
of  wood  or  ftone  all  that  isff*perfl»Mf, 
and  the  remainder  is  the  intended  Fi~ 
gure.  Of  this  p'lafiick^Jn ,  the  chief 
ufe  with  us.is  in  the  graceful!  fretting 
of  Roofs :  But  the  Jtaliam  apply  it 
to  the  mantling  of  Chimneys  Wllh 
great  Figures.  A  cheap  piece  of  Magni- 
jicence^  and  as  durable  ainjoft  witbrn 
doors,  as  harder  Forms  in  tfie  weather. 
And  here,  though  it  be  a  little  excurfi- 
©n,  I  cannot  paffe  unremembred  a- 
gain,  their  manner  of  difguifing  the 
lliafts  of  Chimneys  in  various  fafhions, 
whereof  the  nobleft  is  tb^  Pyramidall ; 
being  in  truth  a  piece  of  polite  and 
civill  difcretion,  to  convert  even  the 
conduits  of  foot  and  fmoak  into  Or- 
nawuents ;  whereof  I  have  hitherto  fpo- 
ken  as  far  as  may  concern  the  Body  of 
the  Building. 
Now  t\\^i^~2i.it  Ornament s  2\(o  with- 
out. 


of  ArcUteEhure,      z^iy 


out  as  Gardenf^  Fountai/is,  Groves ^  Con- 
jervat-ories  of  rare  Beafis, Birds,  and  F/- 
jhes.  Of  which  i^noblerklnd  of  Crea- 
tures, fVe  o'^ght  not  (^ith  our  greacefl: 
Mailer  among  the  Sons  of  Nature) 
chjldt(hly  TO  de-  ^„-^^  lib.i.ap.^. 
Ipife  the  Conxem-  de  fart.  Anim.  SH  f/.n 
plat  ion  J  for  i»  all  fv^i^aiv^y  'gauJ^nwi 
thinfrs  that  are  rhj) '^^f^^  AjtiAoli^av 
naturaU,  there  is  ^'V  ^^''l^'"'      E" 

^     ',.  ,  TACT/    y)  Ton  a/VS-IKOli 

ever fomhm  that  itiT^ri  :^ctvi^'oy. 
js  admirable.    Of 

thefe  external  delights  a  word  or  two. 
Firft,  I  mud  note  a  certain  contrariety 
between  hmlding  &  gardening :  For  as 
Fah-icks. (hould  b^  regular,  io  Gardens 
fliould  be  irregular,  or  at  leaft  cafl  into 
a  very  wild  Regularity.  To  exemplifie 
my  conceit ;  I  have  feen  a  Garden  (for 
the  maner  perchance  incomparable)  in- 
to which  the  firft  Accefle  was  a  high 
walk  like  a  TarraceS^om  whence  might 
be  taken  a  generall  view  of  the  whole 
Plot  below,  but  rather  in  a  dehghtfuU 
confufion,then  with  any  plain  diftincli- 
on  of  the  pieces.  From  this  the  Beholder 
defcending  many  fleps,  was  afterwards 
conveyed  again  by  fcverall  mountings 
N  4  and 


2c^6         The  Elements 

and  valivQ^:^  to  various enrerra'inments 
of  Ins  feTit  ;ind  fight :  which  I  fhall  not 
need  CO  dorcribc(rorth-U  were  poetical) 
lec  me  only  note  this,  that  every  one  of 
ihefediverntieSjWasasif  he  had  \i\nAiu' 
gicail)  tranfported  into  a  new  Gardm. 

WvX  though   other  Coumrcj!    have 
more  benefit  of  Sun  then  we,  and  ther- 
by  more  properly  tied  to  contemplate 
this  delight ;  yet  have  I  feen  in  our  ot^^k, 
a  delicate  and  diligent  canojity^  furely 
without  para/if/  among  forraign  Na- 
rio^f :  Namely,  in  the  Garden  of  Sir 
I-hnrj  Fanpjuiv^  at  his  Seat   in  fVare. 
Park^;  where  I  wel  remember,  he  did  fo 
precifely  examine  t!ie//r;<r/«;'f/  and  fe^- 
foyjsof  his  fio)vrf^  tliat  in  their  fetti/igs^ 
the  iyirvurdift  of  tliofe  which  v;ere  to 
come  up  at  the  fame  time,  fhould  be  al- 
ways a  little  darksr  then  the  o;^/ wo/?, 
and  fo  fer\ethem  for  a  kind  of  gentle 
(hiidovr^  like  a  piece,  not  of  Natun,  but 
of /^^y:  which  mention(incident  tothis 
place)  I  liave  willingly   made  of  his 
N,me,  for  the  dear  fr/>«^y2>./)  that  was 
long  between  us :  though  1  mufl,  con- 
fefle,  with  much  wrong  to  his  other 
lertfics ;   which  deferve  a  more  folid 

Memc 


of  Ai'cUuBure.      zyj 


Met»criali^  then  among  thefe  vacant 
pt>fervations.  So  much  oi  Gardenf. 

Wxiuntainsittfiguredy  or  oftly  plain 
ff^arer^d-rforkl-:  Of  either  Of  wJuch,  I 
^rlldefcribea  matchleffe  pattern* 

Thefirftjdone  by  the  famous  hand 
O^  Micael  AngeU  da  Buonaroti^  in  the 
figure  of  a  ftordy  woman ^  tvajhrng  and 
vnnding  of  linnen  clothes ;  m  whkh. 
Aft,  (he  rorinffs  out  the  water  that 
made  the  Fountain ;  which  was  a  grace- 
fiill  and  natural  conceit  in  the  Artificer, 
implying  this  rule;  That  ^MdefigMs  oi 
this  kindj  (hould  he  proper. 

The  other  doth  merit  fomelargweXr 
preflion ;  There  went  a  long,  ftraight, 
iBoflle  walk  of  competent,  breadth* 
^en,  and  foft  under  foot;  lifted  oa 
both  fides  with  ^n  A^aduB  of  whice 
ftone,  breft-high,  which  had  a  hollow 
channell  on  the  top,  where  ran  a  prety 
trickling  ftream ;  on  the  f<(/^?  whereof, 
were  couched  very  thick  all  along,  cer^ 
tain  fmall  ^ipes  of  lead,  in  little  holes  * 
fo neatly,  that  they  could  notbewell 
perceived ,  till-  by  the  tu rn^i  ng  of  a  cock, 
they  did  fprout  over  interchangeably 
from-  fide,  to  fide,  above  mans  height,. 

N  5  in. 


2^S        The  Elements 

in  form  of  Arehef,  without  any  intelr- 
fedion  or  meeting  aloft,  becaufe  the 
pipes  v/ere  not  exacftly  oppofitejfo  as  the 
Beholder^  befides  that  which  was  flu- 
ent in  the  Aqmdy.Sls  on  both  hands  in 
his  view,  did  walk,  as  it  were,-  under  a 
continual!  Bower  and  Hemfphere  of 
water,without  any  drop  falling  on  him. 
An  invention  for  refrediment,  furely 
far  excelling  all  the  Alexandrian  Deli- 
cacies, and  Pnefirnatickjof  Here. 

Groves,  and  artificial!  Devices  under 
ground,  are  of  great  expence,  and  little 
dignity;  which  for  my  part, I  could  wifli 
converted  here  into  thofe  Crjptefia^ 
wherof  mention  is  made  among  the  cu- 
rious provifions  ofTtcho  Braghe  the/)-^« 
mJhPtolomie^  as  I  may  well  call  him  : 
which  were  deep  concaves  in  Gardens, 
where  the  Stars  might  be  obferved  even 
at  noon.  For  (by  the  way)  to  tWnk  that 
the  brightnefs  of  the  Suns  body  above, 
doth  drown  our  difcerning  of  the  Icflec 
lights,  is  a  popular  errour ;  the  fole  im- 
pediment being  that  hjftre,  which  by 
refleBion^  doth  fpread  about  us  from 
the  face  of  the  Earth ;  fo  as  the  caves 
J>efore  touched,  may  well  conduce,  not 

to 


of  ArckuUun.       299 

CO  a  delicious,  but  to  a  learned  pleaCure. 
-  In  Aviaries  of  wire,  to  keep  Birds  of 
«tl fores,  the  halians  (though  no'vvafl- 
iiilJ  Nation)  do  in  fome  places  bellow 
vaft  ejtpence  ;  including  great  fcope  of 
froUnd^    variety  of  htijhts^  trees  of  good 
height,  running  wrfr^r/,  andfomtime  a 
Stove  annexed, to  contempex  the  Air  in 
Winter.  So  as  thofe  Chanrerc^fes^VLnl^^^Q. 
they  be  fuch  is  perhaps  delight  as  much 
in  cheir  Wing,  as  in  their  voice,  m'ay  hve 
iong  among  fo  good  provifions,  and 
room,   before  they  know  chat  they  are 
prifotsers ;  reducing  often  to  my  me- 
mory that  conceit  of  the  Roman  Stoick^, 
who  in  comparifon  of  his  own  free  cojt- 
temptations^  did  think  divers  great  and 
fplendent  fortunes  of  his  time,   little 
more  then  ccmmodiomca'ptivtttes. 

Concerning  Ponds  of  pleafure  near 
the  habitation]  iwilf  referre  my  feif  to 
a  grave  Author  ot  our  own  (though 
more  illuftrious  by  his  other 
■*  work)  namely,  'S^nsbHri-  ^'^  "^"^"^ 
enfis  dePtfani  Cuud.erc. 

And  here  J  will  end  the  fecond  part 
iQMzhiingOrnameMts^  hoih rvithin^  and 

\^ithaui  the  Fabruki 

Now 


goo        The  Elements 

Now,  as  almoft  all  thofe  which  have 
delivered  the  Elements  of  Logick.^.  do 
ufually  conclude  with  a  Chapter  tou- 
ching Metiod-  lb  T  am  here  feized  with 
a  kind  of  criticall  fpirir,  and  defirous 
toftiut  up  thefe  building  Elements  with 
fome  Methodicall  dire(!lion  how  to  cert- 
fur  e  Fabricks  already  railed:  for  indeed,, 
without  fome  way   to  contra(ft  oi]r 
fii(^gement^Vf\(i(:\\  among  fo  many  par- 
ticulars would  be  loft  by  diffuHor 
\  fliould  think  it  almoft  harder  to  be  .. 
good  QenCurer^  then  a  good  ArchittB: : 
Becaufe  the  '^orkiyig  part  may  be  helped 
with  T>diberAtion^\3X.  the  Judging  muft 
flow  from  an  extemporall  habit.  There- 
fore (not  to  leave  this  hd  Piece  with- 
out fome  Light)  I  could  wi(h  him  that 
Cometh  to  examine  any  nobler  Work.^ 
firftof  all  to  examme  himfelfe,  whe- 
ther perchance  the  fight  of  many  brave 
things  before  (which  remain  like  im- 
prefled  forms)   have    not  made  him 
apt  to  think  nothing  good   but  that 
which  is  xhtbeft:  for  this./7//»?o/^^  were 
too  fowre.  Next,  before   he  come  to 
fettle  any  imaginable  opinion,  let  him 
bv  all   means  fcek  to  inform  hira- 

m 


of  JrchheBure.      joi 


1 


ftlfprecifely,  of  the  Age  ohhtPForke 
upon  which  he  muft  pafle  his  Do^^r. 
Andifhelhall  finde  theapparant  Dt- 
cayes  co  exceed  the  proportion  of  Time; 
then  let  him  conclude  without  farther 
inquifition,  as  an  abfolute  Decree,  that 
either  the  Materials  were  too  fight  ^ 
or  the  Seate  is  nought.  Now ,  after 
thefe  premifies ,  if  the  Houfe  beVound 
to  bear  his  yeares  well,  (which  is  al- 
ways a  token  of  found  ccnflitmion) 
Then  let  him  fuddenly  rumie  back- 
wards, (for  the  Method  oiccnfuring  is 
contrary  to  t\\t  Method  otcompofing) 
from  theOrnamems  ( which  firft  allure 
the  Ey  e)K.o  the  moreeffential  Members^ 
till  at  laft  he  be  able  to  forme  this  Con- 
clufton^  that  the  ;^c;r;^f  \s.  Commodious 
Firme,  ^nd  Delightful  I;  whichf  asjfaid 
in  the  beginning)  are  the  three  capitall 
Conditions  tequlted  in  good  Bmldings^ 
by  all  Authors,  both  Ancient  and  Mo- 
derne.  And  this  is,  as  I  may  term  ir, 
the  moft  Sciemifcall  way  ofCenfuring. 
There  are  two  other  which  I  muflnot 
forget :  The  firft  in  qeorgio  Fajfari, 
before  his  laborious  w^cr/^  of  the  lives 
QtAnhiteUf^  which  is  to  palTe  a  run- 
ning 


J02. 


Tk  Elements 


ning  examination  over,  the  whole  J?- 
difice,  according  to  the  properties  of  a 
veil  jhafen  Man.  As  whether  the  ^/?/x 
(land  upright  upon  clean  footing  and 
Fomdation. ;  whether  the  Fahrickhc 
of  a  beautiful!  Srature;  whether  for  the 
^rf^i/f/?  it  appear  well  l^umi/heJ;  whe- 
tlier  the  principal!  Entrance  be  on  the 
middle  Line  oftheF;'o«for/'^f,  like 
our  Mokthes;  whether  xhtfVindmcs^ts 
out  Eyes.,  be  fetin  equall  number  and 
diflance  on  both  fides;  whether  the 
Offices,  like  the  Veins  in  our  Bodies,  be 
ufeful^  diftributed ,  and  fo  forth.  For 
this  ayillegoricall  review  may  be  driven 
as  farre  as  any  iVtt  will ,  that  is  at  lea- 
fure. 

The  fecond  way  is  in  Vitruvius  him- 
felf,  lih.  1.  ca^.  2.  where  hefummarily 
determineth  fix  Cmfiderations  ,  which 
accompliih  this  whole  Aft. 

Ordinatio, 

Dijpo/itio. 

Ettrjthmia. 

Symmetria, 

Decor,    and. 

Difirihutio. 

Whereof  ( in  my  conceit )  wc  may 

fparc 


fpare  him  the  firft  two ;  for  as  farre  as 
J  can  perceive,  either  by  his  Interpreters^ 
at  by  his  own  Text  (which  in  that  very 
pUce ,  where  perchance  he  fhould  be 
chare(h,  is  of  all  other  {.hcciowd/efi)  he 
meaneth  nothing  by  Ordination^  but  a 
well  fetling  of  the  Modell  or  Scale  of 
the  vfhokTVorke.  Norhy  Difpo  fit  ion, 
more  then  a  neat  and  full  expreflion  of 
thefirfi:  fdea  or  Defignement  thereof; 
which  perchancedo  more  belong  to  the 
Artificer ,  then  to  the  Cenfurer.  The 
other  four  are  enough  to  condemne,  or 
abfolve  any  Vahrick_  whatfoever. 
Whereof  Euryth'/nia  is  that  agreeable 
Harmony  between  the  breadth,  length, 
and  height  of  all  the  Roomes  of  the  Fa- 
bnck^^  which  fuddenly^where  it  is^  tak- 
eth  every  Beholder  by  the  fecret  power 
oi Proportion:  wherein  let  me  only  note 
this,  That  though  the  leaft  ^rror  or  of'- 
fence  that  can  be  committed  againft 
fight,  is  excefle  of  height;  yet  that  fault 
is  no  where  of  fmall  importance,  be- 
caufe  it  is  the  greateJft  offence  againft 
thePurfe. 

Symmetriit    is    the   convenience  t.\\^t 
lUnneth   beCweenithe.P^n/  and  the 


J  04        The  Elements 


ivhole  ^  whereof  I  have  formerly  fpo- 
ken. 

Decor  is  the  keeping  of.  a  due  Re- 
ff>eEl  between  the  Inhabitant  and  the 
Habitation.  Whence  Pa/Udins  did  con- 
clude, that  the  principall  Entrance  vr3.s 
never  to  be  regulated  by  any  certaine 
Dimenftons  ^  but  by  the  dignity  of  the 
Mafler ;  yet  to  exceed  rather  in  the 
more,  then  in  the  lejfe,  is  a  mark  of 
Generofity^  and  may  always  be  excufed 
with  fome  noble  Emblem^  or  Infcripti- 
on^  as  that  of  the  Conte  M  BeviUccjHa^ 
over  his  htg^Gate  at  ri?rof7^,where  per- 
chance had  been  committed  a  little 
Dijprofortton. 

Patet  fanua:  Cormagis. 

And  here  likewife  I  muft-  remem- 
ber our  ever  memorable  Sir  Philip  Sid- 
ney, fwhofe  Wit  was  in  truth  the  very 
rule  of  Congruity  )  who  well  knowing 
that  BafiViHs  (as  he  had  painted  the 
State  of  his  Minde)  did  rather  want 
fome  extraordinary  Formes  to  enter- 
taine  his  Fancy ,  then  roome  for  Cour" 
tiers ;  was  contented  to  place  him  in.a 
Star-like  Lodge ;  which  othetwife  in 
fevere  "jadgment  of  Art,  nadbeen:  an, 


cf^rchiteBure,     305 

incommodious  Figure. 

Dlflributio  is  that  ufefull  Cafiing  of 
all .  Roomes  for  Office ,  Emenainment^ 
or  Vleafure  ;  which  I  have  handled  be- 
fore at  more  length  then  any  other 
Piece. 

Thefe  are  the  Foure  Bea^  which 
ever)' man  Ihould  runneover,  before 
he  pafTeany  determinate  Cenjfure  up- 
on the  Works  that  he  (hall  view,where- 
withlwill  clofe  this  laftpart,  touch- 
ing Ornaments.  Againfl  which  (me 
thinks  J I  hear  an  ObjeRion ,  even  from 
fome  well-meaning  man ;  That  thefe 
delightfuU  Crafts.^  may  be  divers  wayes 
ill  applied  in  a  Land.  I  mufl  confeHe 
indeed ,  there  may  be  a  Lufcivioia.^ 
and  there  may  be  likewife  d^fn^erfi-itioui 
ufe,  both  of  Picly.re  and  of  Scal^tu^e: 
To  which  poilibility  of  mifapplicati- 
on,  not  only  ihtk  SerrA- liber  all  htxs 
are  fubjetH: ;  but  even  the  higheft  per- 
fedions  and  e-ndowments  of  Nature.  As 
Beamy  in  a  light  woman  ;  Eloquence 
in  a  mutinous  man ;  Refolution  in  an 
AfTafinate;  Prudent  Obfervation  of 
houres  and  humours,in  a  corrupt  Cour- 
tier ^   Sharpneffe  of  wit  and  argument 

in 


^o6         The  Elements 

in  ^  reducing  Schaler,  and  the  like. 
Nay,  finally  lee  me  aske ,  What  Art 
can  be  more  pernicious ,  then  even 
Religion  it  fcif.if  it  felf  be  con- 
verted into  an  Inftrument  of  A  R  T : 
Therefore ,  Ab  abuti  adnon  uti,  n'cga- 
tHr  confequentia. 

Thus  having  flitched  in  fome  fort 
together  thefe    Animadverfiow,   tou- 
ching ,  ArthiteBure ,     and  the    Orna.- 
mtnts  thereof;    I  now  feel  that  con- 
temfUtive  fpirits  are  a$  rcfllelTe  as  a- 
Hive ;  for  doubting  with  my  felf ,,  (  as 
all  weaknefle  is  jealous)  that  I  may  be 
thought  to  have  fpent  my  poor  ob- 
fervation   abroad   about  nothing  but 
Stone  and  Timber ,.  and  fuch  Rubbage; 
I  am  thereby  led  into  an  immodefly 
of  proclaiming  another  iVorki  ^  which 
1  have  long  devoted  to  the  fervice  of 
my  Countrej  :    Namely,  A  Thilofophi- 
call  Survey  oi Education^  which  is  in- 
deed a  fecond  Buildings  or  repairing  of 
Nature,  and  as  I  may  term  it,  a  kind  of 
(.JMorall  ArchtteUare ;    whereof  fuch 
Notes  as  I  have  taken  in  my  forraigrie 

tranf- 


of  ArchiteHure,       2  07 

tfanfcurfions  or  abcxles ,  I  hope  to  ut- 
ter without   publick  offence,   though 
ftill  with  the  freedom  of  a  plain  Ken-^ 
ti/h-mzn.    In  the  mean  while  I  have 
let  thefe  other  Gleanings  flie  a- 
broad ,  like  the  Bird  out  of 
the  Arkj^  to  difcover  what 
footing  may  be  for  that 
which  fl\all 
follow. 


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K«A  Am^  k./>^  ^rtA  ^aX  ^mA       *mX  aiiMX  k«««   *~*^^  &^JC  *l^X  1^4  KTl' 


M^^$^l^^«-^S$^$5l-$^^^$^e 


F  JN  hS. 


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D.  H.  HILL  LfBRARV 

North  Carolina  Stats  College 


